Abstract:ABSTRACT. We conducted a field study on light conditions in a small boreal Karelian Lake Vendyurskoe over two years. Albedo of ice-covered lake varied from 0.9 to 0.1, and the euphotic zone depth exceeded 3.5 m during the melting stage. The Secchi disc depth changed from 2.5 m after ice-break to 3.7 m at the stage of early summer. The vertical distribution of the photosynthetically active solar radiation (PAR) attenuation coefficient for water K w was characterized by high spatial (vertical) and temporal (seas… Show more
Fine scale structure of convective mixed layer in ice-covered lakes 3 tion without mean shear. The inertial subrange, covering order of magnitude in the spatial domain, was identified by fitting the 2 / 3 scaling power law to the structure function method, thus confirming the regime of fully developed turbulence. The calculated rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy ε reaches values up to 3 × 10 −9 m 2 s −3. Although a strong correlation between ε and B was observed, ε picks up about 1 h later after the onset of the heating-phase. This delay roughly corresponds to the turnover time of the energy containing eddies. We finally observed a decay of ε at night, during the relaxation-phase, but, interestingly, the level remained above the statistical error.
Fine scale structure of convective mixed layer in ice-covered lakes 3 tion without mean shear. The inertial subrange, covering order of magnitude in the spatial domain, was identified by fitting the 2 / 3 scaling power law to the structure function method, thus confirming the regime of fully developed turbulence. The calculated rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy ε reaches values up to 3 × 10 −9 m 2 s −3. Although a strong correlation between ε and B was observed, ε picks up about 1 h later after the onset of the heating-phase. This delay roughly corresponds to the turnover time of the energy containing eddies. We finally observed a decay of ε at night, during the relaxation-phase, but, interestingly, the level remained above the statistical error.
Until now, the phenomenon of radiatively driven convection (RDC) in ice-covered lakes has not been sufficiently studied, despite its important role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. There have been very few attempts to numerically simulate RDC due to the complexity of this process and the need to use powerful computing resources. The article presents the results of Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of RDC with periodic external energy pumping, which imitates the diurnal variations in solar radiation in the subglacial layer of lakes in spring. The research is aimed at numerically studying the initial stages in the formation and development of a convective mixed layer (CML). A numerical calculation was carried out for three variants of external energy pumping that differed in intensity. A diurnal acceleration and suppression of RDC due to a change in external pumping was revealed for all three variants. The results of numerical simulations provide estimates of such integral parameters of RDC development as the rate of deepening of the lower boundary of the CML, and the rate of water temperature rise within this layer. It was shown that as the cumulative heating of the CML increases over several days, daily increments in temperature and depth slowed down; that is, the dependence of the integral RDC parameters on external pumping was nonlinear. The LES results on RDC parameters were in good agreement with our observational data.
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