Optical Properties of Gyroid Structured Materials: From Photonic Crystals to Metamaterials

Dolan, James A.; Wilts, Bodo D.; Vignolini, Silvia; Baumberg, Jeremy J.; Steiner, Ullrich; Wilkinson, Timothy D.

doi:10.1002/adom.201400333

Cited by 230 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Considering the recent interest in gyroid-like structures for photonic and plasmonic applications (reviewed in ref. 40) as well as their potential for chiral sieves, gaining control over the chirality is an important goal. The outcome of our study emphasizes the need for substantially more comprehensive investigations of cubic bicontinous inner-cellular membranes-a proposition with a scope that is significantly broader than the enigma of the formation of the butterfly single gyroid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coexistence of both gyroid chiralities in individual butterfly wing scales of Callophrys rubi

Winter

Butz

Dieker

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The wing scales of the Green Hairstreak butterfly Callophrys rubi consist of crystalline domains with sizes of a few micrometers, which exhibit a congenitally handed porous chitin microstructure identified as the chiral triply periodic single-gyroid structure. Here, the chirality and crystallographic texture of these domains are investigated by means of electron tomography. The tomograms unambiguously reveal the coexistence of the two enantiomeric forms of opposite handedness: the left-and right-handed gyroids. These two enantiomers appear with nonequal probabilities, implying that molecularly chiral constituents of the biological formation process presumably invoke a chiral symmetry break, resulting in a preferred enantiomeric form of the gyroid structure. Assuming validity of the formation model proposed by Ghiradella H (1989) J Morphol 202(1): 69-88 and Saranathan V, et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(26):11676-11681, where the two enantiomeric labyrinthine domains of the gyroid are connected to the extracellular and intra-SER spaces, our findings imply that the structural chirality of the single gyroid is, however, not caused by the molecular chirality of chitin. Furthermore, the wing scales are found to be highly textured, with a substantial fraction of domains exhibiting the <001> directions of the gyroid crystal aligned parallel to the scale surface normal. Both findings are needed to completely understand the photonic purpose of the single gyroid in gyroid-forming butterflies. More importantly, they show the level of control that morphogenesis exerts over secondary features of biological nanostructures, such as chirality or crystallographic texture, providing inspiration for biomimetic replication strategies for synthetic self-assembly mechanisms.electron tomography | chirality | crystallographic texture | photonic crystal | butterfly wing scales A lthough the formation of chiral structures is fascinating, their occurrence can often be rationalized by simple energy or free energy considerations without a need to resort to their possible biological origin. For example, handed structures are observed in the simplest models of phyllotaxis (1) and self-assembly of biological fibers (2). In such models, there is no energetic distinction between and hence, a balance of the two enantiomers [that is, the right-handed (RH) and left-handed (LH) versions of the chiral structure]. Chiral symmetry breaking, the process by which one enantiomer occurs exclusively or with prevalence, is commonly observed in biological materials on a range of scales from molecular dimensions and the structure of DNA to the macroscopic size of snails (3). The dominance of one enantiomer is driven by the presence of a force or molecular building block that favors one enantiomer over the other; constituent chiral molecules (4), genetically controlled molecular pathways (3), and biological generation of torque (5) are possible causes.Here, we investigate the chiral symmetry breaking of the singlegyroid structure, a complex network-lik...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coexistence of both gyroid chiralities in individual butterfly wing scales of Callophrys rubi

Winter

Butz

Dieker

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Although planar meta/nanomaterials are thus 3D, it is clear that their threedimensionality is not very pronounced. At optical frequencies, various 3D structured meta/nanomaterials have been proposed, such as rosettes, [24,25] twisted arcs, [26] 3D shuriken, [27] stacked split rings, [28,29] oligomers, [30,31] gyroids, [32] and helices. [33][34][35][36] Of all these examples, the latter (i.e., the helix) is the archetypical chiral structure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Strong Rotational Anisotropies Affect Nonlinear Chiral Metamaterials

et al. 2017

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complications as the technique can become too sensitive, making it difficult to separate the desirable and undesirable contributions to the SHG signal. An example of an undesirable complication is extrinsic chirality, [15,16] which affects the nonlinear susceptibility tensor components in SHG. [17,18] Any anisotropy present in the sample can have a similar effect and our work here focuses on highlighting the effects of rotational anisotropy. We begin by selecting the sample geometry.Chirality is intrinsically a 3D property; however, a great number of works have focused on so-called "planar" nanostructures. A few recent examples include S-shaped nanostructures, [19,20] three-and fourfold symmetric propellers, [21] and heptamers. [22] These planar chiral nanostructures are very attractive because of their ease of fabrication with electron beam lithography. The necessary 3D symmetry-breaking arises from a dissymmetry along the axis perpendicular to the sample plane, [23] for instance, due to the presence of a substrate on one side of the sample and air on the other. Although planar meta/nanomaterials are thus 3D, it is clear that their threedimensionality is not very pronounced. At optical frequencies, various 3D structured meta/nanomaterials have been proposed, such as rosettes, [24,25] twisted arcs, [26] 3D shuriken, [27] stacked split rings, [28,29] oligomers, [30,31] gyroids, [32] and helices. [33][34][35][36] Of all these examples, the latter (i.e., the helix) is the archetypical chiral structure. The strong interaction of nanohelices with circularly polarized light (CPL) gives rise to large chiroptical effects, such as circular dichroism. This makes them attractive for applications involving CPL. [6,8,[37][38][39] Thus, the nonlinear optical response of helical metamaterials is of particular interest as they already demonstrate strong linear chiroptical effects. However, until recently it has been very difficult to fabricate high quality helical metamaterials for use at optical frequencies. Herein, we have investigated a chiral metamaterial made of nanohelices, with substantially subwavelength dimensions (<λ/10). As the archetypical chiral geometry, the helical design is particularly suitable because it is pronouncedly 3D, it gives rise directly to superchiral field configurations along the center of the helix, and its structural chirality parameter is straightforward to estimate as a function of varying dimensions. [33,40] Within this metamaterial, we clearly identify three different rotational anisotropies and demonstrate how they can mask the true chiral effect, rendering the SHG-CD signals unreliable. Our experimental results highlight the need for a general method to extract the true chiral contributions to the SHG signal. Here, we use a method for approximating these contributions. Although not fully rigorous, this method yields three measures of the chirality: averaged SHG-CD, direct inspection of the chiral component of the effective susceptibility tensor, and evaluation of the chiral coefficients tha...

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“…Gyroid crystals have interesting three-dimensional morphologies defined as triply periodic body centered cubic crystals with minimal surfaces containing no straight lines 9,10,[14][15][16][17][18][19] . A single gyroid structure, such as the one shown in Fig.…”

Section: Table Of Contents Graphicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Single Gyroid Photonic Crystals with a Mid-Infrared Bandgap

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT:A gyroid structure is a distinct morphology that is triply periodic and consists of minimal isosurfaces containing no straight lines. We have designed and synthesized amorphous silicon (a-Si) mid-infrared gyroid photonic crystals that exhibit a complete bandgap in infrared spectroscopy measurements. Photonic crystals were synthesized by deposition of a-Si/Al2O3 coatings onto a sacrificial polymer scaffold defined by two-photon lithography. We observed a 100% reflectance at 7.5 µm for single gyroids with a unit cell size of 4.5 µm, in agreement with the photonic bandgap position predicted from full-wave electromagnetic simulations, whereas the observed reflection peak shifted to 8 µm for a 5.5 µm unit cell size. This approach represents a simulation-fabrication-characterization platform to realize three-dimensional gyroid photonic crystals with well-defined dimensions in real space and tailored properties in momentum space.

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Optical Properties of Gyroid Structured Materials: From Photonic Crystals to Metamaterials

Cited by 230 publications

References 146 publications

Coexistence of both gyroid chiralities in individual butterfly wing scales of Callophrys rubi

Coexistence of both gyroid chiralities in individual butterfly wing scales of Callophrys rubi

Strong Rotational Anisotropies Affect Nonlinear Chiral Metamaterials

Three-Dimensional Single Gyroid Photonic Crystals with a Mid-Infrared Bandgap

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