Optical Nanobiosensor-Based Point-of-Care Testing for Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a global health threat, and detecting cardiac biomarkers is essential for early-stage diagnosis and personalized treatment. Traditional approaches have limitations, but optical nanobiosensors offer rapid, highly selective, and sensitive detection. Optical nanobiosensors generate biosignals that transfer light signals while analytes bind with the bioreceptors. Optical nanobiosensors have advantages such as ease of monitoring, low cost, a wide detection range, and high sensitivity without any interference. An optical nanobiosensor platform is a promising approach for point-of-care cardiac biomarker detection with a low detection limit. This review mainly focuses on the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers based on various optical nanobiosensor approaches that have been reported during the last five years, and we have categorized them based on optical signal readouts. A detailed discussion of the classification of cardiovascular disease biomarkers, design strategies of optical biosensors, types of optically active nanomaterials, types of bioreceptors, functionalization techniques, various assay types, and sensing mechanisms is presented. Then, we summarize the optical signaling readout-based various nanobiosensors systems for the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Finally, we summarize and conclude with the recent development of point-of-care testing (PoCT) for cardiovascular disease biomarkers used in various optical readout techniques.

Biosensing Platforms for Cardiac Biomarker Detection

“…It is widely used in optical electrochemical and mass biosensors to amplify signals, increase sensitivity, and obtain a low limit of detection (LOD) value and a large linear field. A superior surface area/volume ratio and a higher catalysis and sensing response provide significant benefits compared to macroscale materials for biological and biomedical applications. − …”

“…A superior surface area/volume ratio and a higher catalysis and sensing response provide significant benefits compared to macroscale materials for biological and biomedical applications. 93 − 97 …”

SILAR Growth of ZnO NSs/CdS QDs on the Optical Fiber-Based Opto-Electrode with Guided In Situ Light and Its Application for the “Signal-On” Detection of Inflammatory Cytokine

“…Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is traceable to electrochemistry and ameliorates the biggest drawback of electrochemistry-homology between the excitation signal and output signal. − PEC bioanalysis was developed based on the principle of converting light to electrons and has recently attracted considerable research attention owing to its advantages such as high sensitivity, low cost, and rapid response. − PEC biosensors have been widely used in recent years for the detection of DNA, cells, and biomarkers. − Researchers are actively working to develop different types of PEC probes that enable rapid detection, easy handling, and cost-effective analysis of biomarkers in various complex sensing scenarios. − However, the current development of PEC biosensors in practical applications is seriously restricted because the traditional PEC sensing system usually consists of light sources, sensing elements, and signal acquisition equipment. − In the conventional PEC analysis system, the large xenon lamps or LEDs have been commonly used as external light sources, which are usually separated from the traditional sensing opto-electrodes such as indium tin oxide glass (ITO), F-doped tin oxide glass (FTO), and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). − The use of external light sources generally results in light loss during transmission, leading to reduced light utilization. The current signals generated by the opto-electrode are influenced by factors such as distance and angle of the incident light, as well as the surrounding environment where the light source is located, and therefore affect the detection accuracy and reproducibility of PEC sensors.…”

Advancing Evidence-Based Data Interpretation in UV–Vis and Fluorescence Analysis for Nanomaterials: An Analytical Chemistry Perspective

“…Optical spectroscopic techniques, dedicated to studying such interactions, have emerged as indispensable tools in scientific research, technology advancement, and education. Their applications in nano research are especially prominent because of the tunability in nanoparticle optical properties as a function of particle size, shapes, chemical composition, even internal packings and surface morphology including surface defect. − This unique photoelectronic property makes nanomaterials increasingly popular in diverse disciplines including energy, chemistry, medicine, environment, and materials sciences. − Reliable quantification of nanomaterials’ optical properties, including their absorption, scattering, and emission activities, is essential for rational nanomaterials design and applications.…”