Optical methods to characterise the composition and homogeneity of lithium niobate single crystals

Wöhlecke, M.; Corradi, G.; Betzler, K.

doi:10.1007/bf01828734

Cited by 177 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Later, a number of optical properties, including refractive indices, birefringence, optical frequency doubling (phase matching tuned by temperature or angle), holographic scattering, etc., have been used to develop calibrations for the determination of the crystal composition. All these methods, including also various spectroscopic techniques were summarized by W€ ohlecke et al 49 The spectroscopic techniques, in particular, two easily applicable methods most sensitive for near-stoichiometric and ODR-ion doped LiNbO 3 , will be discussed in detail in Section III A.…”

Section: Composition and Properties Of Pure And Odr-ion Doped LImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of the numerous spectroscopic methods considered for the characterization of the composition and properties of LN, 49 here only two techniques, those involving the measurement of the fundamental UV absorption edge and the IR absorption of the hydroxyl ion (OH À ) stretch mode, respectively, will be summarized. Both methods are simple, fast, and accurate for the determination of the crystal composition especially near to the stoichiometric composition.…”

Section: A Spectroscopic Characterization Of Undoped Lnmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

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103

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Owing to the extraordinary richness of its physical properties, congruent lithium niobate has attracted multidecade-long interest both for fundamental science and applications. The combination of ferro-, pyro-, and piezoelectric properties with large electro-optic, acousto-optic, and photoelastic coefficients as well as the strong photorefractive and photovoltaic effects offers a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components in high energy laser applications, tailoring of key material parameters, especially stoichiometry, is required. This paper reviews the state of the art of growing large stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (sLN) crystals, in particular, the defect engineering of pure and doped sLN with emphasis on optical damage resistant (ODR) dopants (e.g., Mg, Zn, In, Sc, Hf, Zr, Sn). The discussion is focused on crystals grown by the high temperature top seeded solution growth (HTTSSG) technique using alkali oxide fluxing agents. Based on high-temperature phase equilibria studies of the Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 -X 2 O ternary systems (X ¼ Na, K, Rb, Cs), the impact of alkali homologue additives on the stoichiometry of the lithium niobate phase will be analyzed, together with a summary of the ultraviolet, infrared, and far-infrared absorption spectroscopic methods developed to characterize the composition of the crystals. It will be shown that using HTTSSG from K 2 O containing flux, crystals closest to the stoichiometric composition can be grown characterized by a UV-edge position of at about 302 nm and a single narrow hydroxyl band in the IR with a linewidth of less than 3 cm À1 at 300 K. The threshold concentrations for ODR dopants depend on crystal stoichiometry and the valence of the dopants; Raman spectra, hydroxyl vibration spectra, and Z-scan measurements prove to be useful to distinguish crystals below and above the photorefractive threshold. Crystals just above the threshold are preferred for most nonlinear optical applications apart holography and have the additional advantage to minimize the absorption even in the far-infrared (THz) range. The review also provides a discussion on the progress made in the characterization of non-stoichiometry related intrinsic and extrinsic defect structures in doped LN crystals, with emphasis on ODR-ion-doped and/or closely stoichiometric systems, based on both spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modelling, including the results of first principles quantum mechanical calculations on hydroxyl defects. It will also be shown that new perspective applications, e.g., the generation of high energy THz pulses with energies on the tens-of-mJ scale, are feasible with ODR-doped sLN crystals if optimal conditions, including the contact grating technique, are applied. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

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Section: Composition and Properties Of Pure And Odr-ion Doped LImentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Spectroscopic Characterization Of Undoped Lnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

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103

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“…Therefore, LiNbO 3 is a typical nonstoichiometric material, Nb anti-site defects occupying Li-ion site and cation vacancies in crystal are always present [2], this defect seriously affect its many physical properties, and lead to some practical applications were limited. The conventional LiNbO 3 crystal is generally of congruent composition [3]. The congruent LiNbO 3 (CLN) has, however, disadvantages such as low response speed and low resistance to photo-damage, which limit their usage for holograph storage [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and optical properties of near stoichiometric Ce:LiNbO₃ crystals

Fan¹,

Zhao

2007

Cryst. Res. Technol.

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The near sotichiometric Ce:LiNbO 3 (Ce:SLN) crystals were grown by the top seeded solution growth (TSSG) method by adding K 2 O flux to Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 melt. Their UV-vis absorption spectra and IR spectra were measured and discussed to investigate their defect structure. The results showed that the grown crystals were near stoichiometric and Ce ions in the crystals located the Li site. Photorefractive properties of Ce:SLN crystals were studied by two-wave coupling experiment. The results of the two-wave coupling experiments of the crystals showed that as the CeO 2 doping concentrations increased, the diffraction efficiency increased, photoconductivity decreased and the writing time and erasure time increased.

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“…Ultraviolet lightinduced absorption (ULIA) and bleaching experiment clearly characterize the charge transport process [9] during the recording process in two-center nonvolatile holography. Our previous ULIA experimental results [24] show that with increasing Li 2 O content, the saturation value of ∆α increased and reached its maximum at 49.6 mol% Li 2 O content; this value then began to decline. The results of the bleaching experiment [25] agree with those for ultraviolet (UV) light-induced absorption; these two sets of experimental results indicate that the optimum Li 2 O content for two-color LiNbO 3 :Fe:Mn holography should be about 49.6 mol%.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The nonvolatile holographic performance of LiNbO 3 :Fe:Mn crystal has been extensively studied [7−11] , but to the best of our knowledge, the influence of Li 2 O content on the nonvolatile holographic properties of the doubly doped crystal remains unclear. In the current work, we investigated the nonvolatile holographic properties of Raman lines [24] . The Li 2 O content of each crystal is listed in Table 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%