Optical measurement of tars in a fluidized bed gasifier: influence of fuel type and gasification parameters on their formation

Mitsakis, P.; Mayerhofer, Matthias; Meng, Xin; Spliethoff, Hartmut; Gaderer, Matthias

doi:10.1007/s13399-012-0069-8

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Thus, reliable methods with verified accuracies for measuring tars are needed, and these methods should include a tool for determining the error of measurement. Extensive studies have been carried out to develop ways of measuring the tar content of the product gas using both online and off-line methods. − The two main off-line methods are (1) the tar protocol, which is a cold trapping method whereby the tar is collected in a series of cooled impinger bottles that contain a solvent, and (2) Solid-Phase Adsorption (SPA), in which tar is adsorbed onto a solid-phase extraction (spe) column containing an amino phase and subsequently desorbed using a solvent. While both methods allow for quantification of individual tar species, they differ with respect to the sampling procedure employed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Solid-Phase Adsorption Method for Sampling Biomass-Derived Tar in Industrial Environments

2013

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Low-temperature gasification of biomass is a primary process step for production of biofuels or electricity using gas-fired engines or turbines. In addition to the desired product gas, the raw gas produced through gasification inevitably contains condensable hydrocarbons, known collectively as tar. The amount and composition of the tar have relevance for the efficiencies of the downstream processes. Tar can be measured using both online and off-line methods. However, many of these methods currently lack information regarding their implementation and accuracy levels for large-scale systems. In this work, the SolidPhase Adsorption (SPA) method for measuring tar in industrial applications is evaluated. The individual steps of the method were examined for their effects on the overall performance of the analysis. Sample collection was found to be the most prominent source of error, and this was mainly due to human factors. Omitting to determine the temperature and pressure of the sampled gas contributed to this error, as the sampled volume of gas under normal conditions could not be correctly calculated. Inconsistencies in the treatment and storage of the collected samples were shown to affect the more volatile species with boiling points similar to that of benzene. The gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed with satisfying accuracy. However, the reliability of the estimations of the average composition and dew-point of the tar mixture were dependent upon the amount of the identified species. The current implementation of the SPA method yields values with a relative standard deviation within 10% for the majority of the compounds in a given sample. However, in line with the result of previous studies, the tar species with boiling points between those of benzene and xylene (i.e., the BTX compounds) were measured with a lower accuracy than those of heavier tars.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Solid-Phase Adsorption Method for Sampling Biomass-Derived Tar in Industrial Environments

2013

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“… S.No. Chemical reactions Types of chemical reactions References 1 C +O 2 ⇄ CO 2 Oxidation Reaction [ 51 ] 2 H 2 +½O 2 ⇄H 2 O Oxidation Reaction [ 130 ] 3 CH 4 +H 2 O ⇄ 3H 2 +CO Steam reforming of hydrocarbons/Methane reforming [ 56 , 62 ] 4 C+CO 2 ⇄ 2CO Boudouard reaction [ 57 ] 5 CH 4 +CO 2 → 2H 2 +2CO Dry reforming of hydrocarbons/Carbon dioxide reforming [ 131 ] 6 C +H 2 O →H 2 +CO Char steam reforming/gasification [ 57 ] 7 C+2H 2 → CH 4 Carbon hydrogenation reaction/Methanation [ 96 , 97 ] 8 H 2 O+CO ⇄H 2 +CO 2 Water-gas shift reaction [ 98 ] …”

Section: Biohydrogen Production Through the Gasification Of Plastic Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

“…At high pressures, a range of industrial grade gasifiers are operated for treating the plastic waste. Of all the gasification reactions, the only reactions which are greatly influenced by an increase in pressure are methanation and methane reforming [ 96 ]. Rising pressure makes the output gas methane-rich, and amounts of hydrogen and carbon monoxide are reduced [ 97 ].…”

Section: Biohydrogen Production Through the Gasification Of Plastic Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Novel strategy in biohydrogen energy production from COVID - 19 plastic waste: A critical review

Dharmaraj

Ashokkumar

Chew

et al. 2022

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…The carbon in the gas phase is present either as permanent gas, which is typically monitored using an online instrument such as a micro-GC or NDIR instrument or as condensable species and tar. Tar compounds can be measured using several online methods, − although the most commonly used methods are off-line, such as the tar protocol and the SPA method, − both of which allow quantification of individual species. Online methods are typically faster, making them suitable for monitoring gasification processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Measurement of Elemental Yields, Oxygen Transport, Condensable Compounds, and Heating Values in Gasification Systems

2014

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Biomass gasification produces a wide range of species, from permanent gases to condensable hydrocarbons, with different composition and boiling points. This complicates the mass balance of the system, as multiple techniques are needed to quantify the various components of the produced raw gas. In this study, a high-temperature reactor for thermal conversion of raw gas at 1700 °C was developed to generate a gas stream that consisted primarily of CO, CO2, H2, and H2O. The reactor was experimentally evaluated and subsequently used for measurements of the raw gas from the Chalmers 2-4–MW dual fluidized bed gasifier. The gas stream that exits the reactor is analyzed to obtain the total elemental flows of C, H, O, and N, which facilitate determinations of the fuel conversion and oxygen transport in a dual fluidized bed reactor. The proposed system was operated in parallel with a gas-cleaning system, to determine the yield of condensable species, including tar and GC-undetectable species. A simplified approach is proposed for quantifying the average energy content of the condensable species, thereby allowing the wet raw gas efficiency and lower heating value (LHV) to be calculated.

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Optical measurement of tars in a fluidized bed gasifier: influence of fuel type and gasification parameters on their formation

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Assessment of the Solid-Phase Adsorption Method for Sampling Biomass-Derived Tar in Industrial Environments

Assessment of the Solid-Phase Adsorption Method for Sampling Biomass-Derived Tar in Industrial Environments

Novel strategy in biohydrogen energy production from COVID - 19 plastic waste: A critical review

Online Measurement of Elemental Yields, Oxygen Transport, Condensable Compounds, and Heating Values in Gasification Systems

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