We show that a Fermi surface in underdoped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x yielding the distribution of quantum oscillation frequencies observed over a broad range of magnetic field can be reconciled with the wavevectors of charge modulations found in nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray scattering experiments within a model of biaxial charge ordering occurring in a bilayer CuO 2 planar system. Bilayer coupling introduces the possibility of different period modulations and quantum oscillation frequencies corresponding to each of the bonding and antibonding bands, which can be reconciled with recent experimental observations.Our level of understanding of metals typically depends on the extent to which Fermi surface cross-sections observed in quantum oscillation experiments can be explained by comparison with band structure calculations, and the degree to which Fermi liquid behavior prevails [1][2][3][4]. Additional factors, such as a periodic modulation of the electronic states-caused, for example, by a spin-or charge-density wave-can introduce additional gaps, in which case the Fermi surface needs to be understood in terms of the original band structure translated by ordering wavevectors [4][5][6][7].