Optical interferometer-based methods for photoacoustic gas sensing: a review

Wang, Shuchao; Hoffmann, Marcel; Yetisen, Ali K.; Wang, Kun; Brändle, Franziska; Kurz, Wolfgang; Jakobi, Martin; Zhou, Quan; Koch, Alexander W.

doi:10.1080/05704928.2023.2196729

Cited by 1 publication

(8 citation statements)

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“…It can be seen from Equations ( 11) and ( 12) that the difference in the gas pressures and densities at the positions of the two light beams in the MI results in a change in the output light intensity of MI-based MeoM (Schematic (3) in Figure 1a). The mathematical models have enabled gas concentration sensing based on the PA effect [27]. PA signals can be measured based on the PA effect by placing a PA gas cell on the two beam paths in the MI-based MeoM (Figure 1b).…”

Section: Mathematical Model and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the side of the PA gas cell away from the two light beams, a light beam emitted by an excitation light source outside the PA gas cell is directed at a mirror. The gas in the PA gas cell generated sound waves (PA signals) with the same frequency as the excitation light output by the excitation light source due to the PA effect [24,27]. The design of the PA gas cell is based on the use of sound resonance [24].…”

Section: Mathematical Model and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, detecting different PA signals caused by different gas concentrations can be performed by measuring the phase or intensity change of the interference light, thereby detecting gas concentrations. This method offers a completely static measurement system (MI-based MeoM) and allows for the separation of the PA gas cell from the measurement system for application in harsh environments [24,27]. The gas-sensing method is called the MI-based MeoM-PAS method due to the combination of MI-based MeoM and PAS [24,27].…”

Section: Mathematical Model and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method offers a completely static measurement system (MI-based MeoM) and allows for the separation of the PA gas cell from the measurement system for application in harsh environments [24,27]. The gas-sensing method is called the MI-based MeoM-PAS method due to the combination of MI-based MeoM and PAS [24,27]. In addition, this method is also referred to as MI-based PAI because it combines the PA effect with an interferometer [24].…”

Section: Mathematical Model and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, this method is also referred to as MI-based PAI because it combines the PA effect with an interferometer [24]. Our group used this gas-sensing method with a long-term stable and power-controlled fiber-coupled laser diode, while maintaining the length of the PA gas cell at 84 mm, the height at 14 mm, the width at 34 mm, the distance between the two light beams at 14 mm, the distance between the light beam nearest to the excitation source and the PA gas cell's wall closest to the other light beam at 28 mm, and the distance between the excitation source and the nearest light beam at 42 mm, to generate an excitation light with a power of 3500 mW and a modulation frequency of approximately 12.25 kHz, resulting in a PA signal with a frequency of about 12.25 kHz, thereby achieving a high sensitivity of gas concentration measurements with a low LOD [24,27]. Enhancing the excitation light power (e.g., more than 3500 mW) can increase the intensity of the PA signals [3,5].…”

Section: Mathematical Model and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dependence of the Michelson Interferometer-Based Membrane-Less Optical Microphone–Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas-Sensing Method on the Fundamental Parameters of a Photoacoustic Gas Cell

Wang,

Yetisen,

Wang

et al. 2023

Photonics

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This article presents a mathematical model of the Michelson interferometer (MI)-based membrane-less optical microphone (MeoM)–photoacoustic spectroscopy (MeoM–PAS) method, which is also referred to as MI-based photoacoustic interferometry (PAI), for gas-sensing applications in complex and adverse environments, as it offers a completely static measurement system and the separation of a photoacoustic (PA) gas cell from the measuring system. It also investigates the dependence of this method on the fundamental parameters of a cubical PA gas cell using axial PA signals. The results indicate that the phase of the method is a sine function of the distance between the two light beams and a power exponent of the cell length, the cell height, and the distance between the excitation source and the nearest light beam, under the condition that the PA gas cell is resonant and that the excitation source is at the position of the peak or valley of the PA signals. It is at its maximum when the distance between the two light beams is approximately half the wavelength of the PA signals under the same conditions. In addition, the dependence of a PA gas cell using non-axial PA signals is described under the conditions that the PA gas cell is resonant, which is consistent with the changing aforementioned parameters for the distance between the two light beams, the cell length and height, and the distance between the excitation source and the nearest light beam. Furthermore, the selection of five common materials (aluminum, brass, glass, quartz, and stainless steel) for the PA gas cell is discussed under the influence of temperature fluctuations outside the PA gas cell, noise inside and outside the PA gas cell, as well as thermal and viscous losses inside the PA gas cell. The results indicate that quartz and stainless steel are promising options. Finally, the parameters related to the sensitivity enhancement of the method are analyzed using mathematical models, where the sensitivity of the method can be theoretically enhanced by reducing the dimensions of the PA gas cell.

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Section: Mathematical Model and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mathematical Model and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%