Optical imaging of neuronal activity.

Grinvald, Amiram; Frostig, Ron D.; Lieke, Edmund E.; Hildesheim, Rina

doi:10.1152/physrev.1988.68.4.1285

Cited by 517 publications

(292 citation statements)

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“…Because the natural stimulus to the guinea pig OHC has a bandwidth of up to 40 kHz, we selected VSDs with fast response properties. Conditions for an appropriate dye are specific staining of the plasma membrane in the OHC, minimal phototoxicity, large static fluorescence (F), and a high voltagesensitivity (ΔF/F) (Grinvald et al 1988). Consistent with previous results (Oghalai et al 1998(Oghalai et al , 1999(Oghalai et al , 2000, di-8-ANEPPS specifically stained the plasma membrane of the OHC without visible uptake into the cells for at least an hour (see figure 2), whereas di-4-ANEPPS reached intracellular structures within 10 min.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Different Voltage-sensitive Dyessupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Care was taken to avoid phototoxicity associated with the formation of free radicals and membrane damage and cell depolarization (Grinvald et al 1988). We therefore continuously monitored the resting potential and rejected all data where the dc zero-current potential drifted more than 10 mV from the nominal −60 mV level at the beginning of each experiment.…”

Section: Optical Recordingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photometric recording of transmembrane potential in outer hair cells

et al. 2006

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Cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) are polarized epithelial cells that have mechanoelectrical transduction channels within their apical stereocilia and produce electromotile force along their lateral wall. Phase shifts, or time delays, in the transmembrane voltage occurring at different axial locations along the cell may contribute to our understanding of how these cells operate at auditory frequencies. We developed a method to optically measure the phase of the OHC transmembrane potential using the voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) di-8-ANEPPS. The exit aperture of a fibre-optic light source was driven in two dimensions so that a 24 μm spot of excitation light could be positioned along the length of the OHC. We used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in the current-clamp mode to stimulate the OHC at the base. The photometric response and the voltage response were monitored with a photodetector and patch-clamp amplifier, respectively. The photometric response was used to measure the regional changes in the membrane potential in response to maintained (dc) and sinusoidal (ac) current stimuli applied at the base of the cell. We used a neutral density filter to lower the excitation light intensity and reduce phototoxicity. A sensitive detector and lock-in amplifier were used to measure the small ac VSD signal. This permitted measurements of the ac photometric response below the noise floor of the static fluorescence. The amplitude and phase components of the photometric response were recorded for stimuli up to 800 Hz. VSD data at 400-800 Hz show the presence of a small phase delay between the stimulus voltage at the base of the cell and the local membrane potential measured along the lateral wall. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that OHCs exhibit inhomogeneous membrane potentials that vary with position in analogy with the voltage in nerve axons.

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Section: Evaluation Of Different Voltage-sensitive Dyessupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Optical Recordingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photometric recording of transmembrane potential in outer hair cells

et al. 2006

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“…Pharmacological, physiological, and anatomical analysis in the En revealed recurrent excitatory synaptic activity within the dominant multipolar cell population, suggesting that the hypothesis of synaptically mediated positive feedback, developed as a mechanism for the latent period in hippocampus (Ayala et al, 1973;Johnston and Brown, 1986;Traub et al, 1989;Traub and Miles, 1991), also may be applicable to the PC (Hoffman and Haberly, 1993). Using voltage imaging techniques (Grinvald et al, 1988;Wu and Cohen, 1993), we examined the spatiotemporal pattern of electrical activity in slices of PC and observed the accelerating build-up of activity at the onset site described previously (Hoffman and Haberly, 1993;Demir et al, 1998). In addition, a second form of abnormal activity was observed during the latent period, which has not been described previously.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sustained and Accelerating Activity at Two Discrete Sites Generate Epileptiform Discharges in Slices of Piriform Cortex

1999

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When near-threshold electrical stimulation is used to evoke epileptiform discharges in brain slices, a latent period of up to 150 msec elapses before the discharge begins. During this period most neurons are silent, and abnormal electrical activity is difficult to detect with microelectrodes. A fundamental question about epileptiform activity concerns how synchronous discharges arise abruptly in a relatively quiescent slice. This issue was addressed here by using voltage imaging techniques to study epileptiform discharges in rat piriform cortex slices. These experiments revealed two distinct forms of electrical activity during the latent period. (1) A steeply increasing depolarization, referred to here as onset activity, has been described previously and occurs at the site of discharge onset. (2) A sustained depolarization that precedes onset activity, referred to here as plateau activity, has not been described previously.Plateau and onset activity occurred in different subregions of the endopiriform nucleus (a region of high seizure susceptibility). When cobalt or kynurenic acid was applied focally to inhibit electrical activity at the site of plateau activity, discharges were blocked. However, application of these agents to other nearby sites (except the site of onset) failed to block discharges. Plateau activity represents a novel form of electrical activity that precedes and is necessary for epileptiform discharges. Discharges thus are generated in a sequential process by two spatially distinct neuronal circuits. The first circuit amplifies and sustains activity initiated by the stimulus, and the second generates the actual discharge in response to an excitatory drive from the first.

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“…Unfortunately, the signals provided are often contaminated with strong physiological noise (1) (2) , which mainly comes mainly from pulsation and respiration. Even the recent development of voltage-sensitive dyes, which has succeeded in reducing such physiological noise, has not satisfactorily solved this problem (3) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even the recent development of voltage-sensitive dyes, which has succeeded in reducing such physiological noise, has not satisfactorily solved this problem (3) . The usual approach to extracting event-related neural activities is to average repetitive observations with stimuli after subtracting control observation without stimuli (1) (2) . However, this treatment is not always sufficient because the physiological noise does not simply vanish by averaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Neural Activity from In Vivo Optical Recordings Using Multiple Independent Component Analysis

et al. 2007

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In vivo optical recording using voltage-sensitive dyes enables neural activities in the cortex to be visualized as two-dimensional images. However, the signals provided are often contaminated with strong physiological noise, which mainly comes from pulsation and respiration. An effective approach is independent component analysis (ICA) to extract the neural activity component from these data without averaging. It has been used to denoise data obtained optical recordings.ICA extraction has problems in three points: 1) the appropriateness of ICA solutions is not guaranteed a priori; 2) in most ICA models, there is linear mixing of mutually independent random variables although the mixtures are not random variables; 3) considerable computational effort is often required because of repetitive large-matrix calculations.We have developed a multiple ICA method that resolves these problems and promises more efficient extraction of neural activity components. Multiple ICA overcomes the above problems by performing segmented and repeated ICAs and by using an algorithm based on the time structure of the variables. Multiple ICA repetitively performs a small ICA for a segmented region consisting of several adjacent channels. By sliding a segmental template channel by channel over the whole measurement region ( Fig. 1), we can obtain multiple solutions for each channel. The most appropriate solution is uniquely selected from these multiple solutions based on a predetermined criterion.We confirmed the effectiveness of multiple ICA by comparing its performance with that of conventional (batch) ICA, particularly in terms of the strength of the extracted neural activities in guinea pig auditory cortex evoked by click sound stimuli. The pulsatile component was reduced, and the neural activity was revealed by both batch and multiple ICA (Fig. 2). Multiple ICA extraction bears comparison with batch ICA extraction, although the computational cost of batch ICA is higher than that of multiple ICA.We found that this multiple ICA method would be a powerful way to extract neural activity from large-scale optical recordings. Non-memberA multiple independent component analysis (ICA) method based on the noisy time-delayed decorrelation algorithm is described that overcomes the problems and improves the usefulness of conventional ICA, which is commonly used for extracting the actual neural activity from data measured using optical recording with a voltage-sensitive dye to visualize neural activities in cortical areas as two-dimensional images. The problems with conventional ICA extraction include the lack of an a priori guarantee that the solution will be appropriate, the linear mixing of mutually independent random variables although the mixtures are not random variables but time signals in many applications, and the general requirement for repetitive calculation of large matrices. Application of multiple ICA to the extraction of neural activities in the guinea pig auditory cortex evoked by both click sounds and pure tones from optical rec...

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Optical imaging of neuronal activity.

Cited by 517 publications

References 0 publications

Photometric recording of transmembrane potential in outer hair cells

Photometric recording of transmembrane potential in outer hair cells

Sustained and Accelerating Activity at Two Discrete Sites Generate Epileptiform Discharges in Slices of Piriform Cortex

Extraction of Neural Activity from In Vivo Optical Recordings Using Multiple Independent Component Analysis

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