Optical Image Quality in the Peripheral Retina

Jennings, J. A. M.; Charman, W. N.

doi:10.1097/00006324-197808000-00008

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…The calibration results strongly indicated that the pupil foreshortening error is invariant across changes in pupil size and systematically varies as a function of the orientation of the eye with respect to the camera. The results corresponded well with previous empirical measurements of pupil foreshortening error in biological human eyes (Mathur, Gehrmann, & Atchison, 2013;Jennings & Charman, 1978;Jay, 1962;Spring & Stiles, 1948). Together, these findings suggest the geometric correction can be used to virtually eliminate pupil foreshortening error.…”

Section: Pupil Data Preprocessingsupporting

confidence: 88%

Pupil Diameter Tracks the Exploration–Exploitation Trade-off during Analogical Reasoning and Explains Individual Differences in Fluid Intelligence

Hayes¹,

Petrov²

2016

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract■ The ability to adaptively shift between exploration and exploitation control states is critical for optimizing behavioral performance. Converging evidence from primate electrophysiology and computational neural modeling has suggested that this ability may be mediated by the broad norepinephrine projections emanating from the locus coeruleus (LC) [Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 403-450, 2005]. There is also evidence that pupil diameter covaries systematically with LC activity. Although imperfect and indirect, this link makes pupillometry a useful tool for studying the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in humans and in high-level tasks. Here, we present a novel paradigm that examines how the pupillary response during exploration and exploitation covaries with individual differences in fluid intelligence during analogical reasoning on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. Pupillometry was used as a noninvasive proxy for LC activity, and concurrent think-aloud verbal protocols were used to identify exploratory and exploitative solution periods. This novel combination of pupillometry and verbal protocols from 40 participants revealed a decrease in pupil diameter during exploitation and an increase during exploration. The temporal dynamics of the pupillary response was characterized by a steep increase during the transition to exploratory periods, sustained dilation for many seconds afterward, and followed by gradual return to baseline. Moreover, the individual differences in the relative magnitude of pupillary dilation accounted for 16% of the variance in Advanced Progressive Matrices scores. Assuming that pupil diameter is a valid index of LC activity, these results establish promising preliminary connections between the literature on locus coeruleus norepinephrine-mediated cognitive control and the literature on analogical reasoning and fluid intelligence. ■

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Section: Pupil Data Preprocessingsupporting

confidence: 88%

Pupil Diameter Tracks the Exploration–Exploitation Trade-off during Analogical Reasoning and Explains Individual Differences in Fluid Intelligence

Hayes¹,

Petrov²

2016

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…The Nyquist limit is determined by the spacing of the individual sampling units in the retina. Comparing anatomical and optical resolution limits, Jennings and Charman [13,14] and Williams et al [39] conclude that neither in the center nor in the periphery are the limitations imposed by the optical system; rather, they are imposed by photoreceptor sampling. The authors suggested that optical blur has little effect on peripheral visual acuity but rather helps to reduce aliasing [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring retinal function in neovascular maculopathy using multifocal electroretinography – early and long-term correlation with clinical findings

Jurklies

Weismann

Hüsing

et al. 2002

Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Objective monitoring of retinal function and correlation with morphological and psychophysical findings was at least in part possible in patients suffering from AMD and myopia. In all of four patients whose subfoveal CNV was documented by fluorescein angiography. Response densities were reduced particularly in the central 5 degrees and in visual acuity. The mfERG data showed a moderate to high statistical correlation with visual function as measured by visual acuity. On the other hand, the greatest linear dimension of the lesion size showed only a weak to moderate statistical correlation with both the response densities of the mfERG and the visual acuity. We conclude that the size of the CNV complex does not represent an accurate measure of retinal function in neovascular maculopathy. The good correlation of the mfERG data with visual acuity suggests that it may serve for objective assessment of retinal function, of the areas overlying the CNV. It shows potential as a valuable tool for longitudinal monitoring of AMD patients.

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“…If different segments of the cornea have different refractive indices, the pupil diameter can appear to change when the eye rotates, turning different segments towards the camera. There are empirical data that bear on this issue (e.g., Spring & Stiles, 1948; Jay, 1962; Jennings & Charman, 1978). These studies photograph human eyes from a range of oblique angles, fit ellipses to the pupil images, and estimate the foreshortening coefficient as a function of the angle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that the data of Mathur et al (2013), as well as the earlier data re-analyzed therein (Spring and Stiles, 1948, etc. Jay, 1962; Jennings & Charman, 1978), were all collected along the horizontal equatorial line. One area for future research would be to systematically map the apparent pupil foreshortening across the entire visual field in participants with dilated eyes, and compare the human eye data to our artificial eye data to quantify the effect of corneal refraction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping and correcting the influence of gaze position on pupil size measurements

2015

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Pupil size is correlated with a wide variety of important cognitive variables and is increasingly being used by cognitive scientists. Pupil data can be recorded inexpensively and non-invasively by many commonly used video-based eye-tracking cameras. Despite the relative ease of data collection and increasing prevalence of pupil data in the cognitive literature, researchers often underestimate the methodological challenges associated with controlling for confounds that can result in misinterpretation of their data. One serious confound that is often not properly controlled is pupil foreshortening error (PFE)—the foreshortening of the pupil image as the eye rotates away from the camera. Here we systematically map PFE using an artificial eye model and then apply a geometric model correction. Three artificial eyes with different fixed pupil sizes were used to systematically measure changes in pupil size as a function of gaze position with a desktop EyeLink 1000 tracker. A grid-based map of pupil measurements was recorded with each artificial eye across three experimental layouts of the eye-tracking camera and display. Large, systematic deviations in pupil size were observed across all nine maps. The measured PFE was corrected by a geometric model that expressed the foreshortening of the pupil area as a function of the cosine of the angle between the eye-to-camera axis and the eye-to-stimulus axis. The model reduced the root mean squared error of pupil measurements by 82.5 % when the model parameters were pre-set to the physical layout dimensions, and by 97.5 % when they were optimized to fit the empirical error surface.

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Optical Image Quality in the Peripheral Retina

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

Pupil Diameter Tracks the Exploration–Exploitation Trade-off during Analogical Reasoning and Explains Individual Differences in Fluid Intelligence

Pupil Diameter Tracks the Exploration–Exploitation Trade-off during Analogical Reasoning and Explains Individual Differences in Fluid Intelligence

Monitoring retinal function in neovascular maculopathy using multifocal electroretinography – early and long-term correlation with clinical findings

Mapping and correcting the influence of gaze position on pupil size measurements

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