Optical elements from 3D printed polymers

Błachowicz, Tomasz; Ehrmann, Guido; Ehrmann, Andrea

doi:10.1515/epoly-2021-0061

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…FFF components find their applications in lenses and mirrors such as diffractive and spherical lenses, eyeglasses, microwave lenses, etc. [159][160][161][162] The surface reflectivity of the finished parts is highly important in these types of applications. A single surface of the 3D printed samples is fused with a sheet glass followed by loading and heating is illustrated in Reference [163].…”

Section: Normalizingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Property enhancement approaches of fused filament fabrication technology: A review

Pazhamannil

Govindan

et al. 2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The shift from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing using 3D printing is prominent after the development of volumetric 3D printing, multi-material printing, and functional materials development. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a fast-growing additive manufacturing technology with widespread end-user applications. The key constraints to its growth are the lower surface and mechanical properties compared to conventional manufacturing paradigms. The goal of this review is to look at the numerous pre-processing and post-processing parameters for the property enhancement of FFF. Preprocessing methods included optimization of process parameters (infill percentage, pattern, layer height, nozzle and platform temperature, raster angle and width, build orientation, and air gap) and adaptive slicing techniques.Mechanical (hot air jetting, barrel finishing, sand blasting, laser polishing, etc.), chemical (vapor smoothing, dipping, plating, and painting), and thermal (thermal annealing and normalizing) post-processing techniques were successful in improving the mechanical strength and surface finish of fused filament fabricated parts. This paper outlines the various methodologies a FFF user could incorporate for enhancing the final finished product's properties. The potential future prospects for the development of the 3D printing sector are also examined.

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Section: Normalizingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Property enhancement approaches of fused filament fabrication technology: A review

Pazhamannil

Govindan

et al. 2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…In recent years, 3D printing has been developed further from an expensive technology for specialists, mostly used for rapid prototyping, to a broad range of different technologies capable of producing 3D objects from diverse materials, using equipment from low-cost desktop printers to highly sophisticated industrial-scale printers. While resin-based technologies are being developed further to print finer and finer structures from specialized materials [1,2], fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is still most often used since it allows for the printing of diverse polymers without severe dangers to health and environment, in a relatively easy manner [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments

Ehrmann¹,

Brockhagen

Ehrmann

2021

Technologies

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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) belongs to the 3D printable materials which show shape-memory properties, i.e., which can recover their original shape after a deformation if they are heated above the glass transition temperature. This makes PLA quite an interesting material for diverse applications, such as bumpers, safety equipment for sports, etc. After investigating the influence of the infill design and degree, as well as the pressure orientation on the recovery properties of 3D printed PLA cubes in previous studies, here we report on differences between different PLA materials as well as on the impact of post-treatments after 3D printing by solvents or by heat. Our results show not only large differences between materials from different producers, but also a material-dependent impact of the post treatments. Generally, it is possible to tailor the mechanical and recovery properties of 3D printed PLA parts by choosing the proper material in combination with a chemical or temperature post-treatment.

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“…Thus, these results confirm the high surface quality of our 3D printing process. Consequently, the surface quality of our lens (λ/4 to λ/10 quality) falls in the acceptable range of component surfaces fabricated with optimized printer parameters …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Fabrication of 5D Fresnel Lenses via Additive Manufacturing

2022

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The consistent developments in additive manufacturing (AM) processes are revolutionizing the fabrication of 3-dimensional (3D) parts. Indeed, 3D printing processes are prompt, parallel, material efficient, and cost-effective, along with their capabilities to introduce added dimensions to the computer-aided design (CAD) models. Notably, 3D Printing is making progressive developments to fabricate optical devices such as regular lenses, contact lenses, waveguides, and more recently, Fresnel lenses. But extended functionalities of these optical devices are also desirable. Therefore, we demonstrate masked stereolithography (MSLA) based fabrication of five-dimensional (5D) Fresnel lenses by incorporating color-change phenomena (4th dimension) using thermochromic powder that changes color in response to external temperature variations (25–36 °C). The holographic diffraction effect (5th dimension) is produced by imprinting a diffraction grating during the printing process. Optical focusing performance for the 5D printed lenses has been evaluated by reporting achievable focal length, with <2 mm average deviation, without postprocessing in 450–650 nm spectral range. However, in the near IR region (850–980 nm), the average deviation was around 11.5 mm. Enhanced optical properties along with surface quality have been reported. Thus, MSLA process can fabricate optical components with promising applications in the fields of sensing and communication.

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Optical elements from 3D printed polymers

Cited by 24 publications

References 145 publications

Property enhancement approaches of fused filament fabrication technology: A review

Property enhancement approaches of fused filament fabrication technology: A review

Shape-Memory Properties of 3D Printed Cubes from Diverse PLA Materials with Different Post-Treatments

Fabrication of 5D Fresnel Lenses via Additive Manufacturing

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