Optical design of low cost imaging systems for mobile medical applications

Kass, Alexander; Slyper, Ronit; Levitz, David

doi:10.1117/12.2079192

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…This makes it feasible in every situation around the world for cervical cancer screening with the benefit of being used even in low resource settings and remote areas by trained medical personnel. It also has mirroring capabilities to desktop, laptop or screen and even a smartphone [2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Role of Portable Colposcope (Gynocular) for Diagnosis of Pre-Invasive Lesions of Cervix

Singh

Negi

Sharma

et al. 2020

Indian J Gynecol Oncolog

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Introduction Colposcopy-guided biopsy is the standard method to diagnose cervical pre-invasive lesions. However, standard colposcopes are expensive, require lot of space and depend on electricity for its use. A mobile version of colposcope (Gynocular) has been recently introduced which overcomes such issues. We conducted this study to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Gynocular for cervical intraepithelial lesions. Materials and Methods This cross sectional study was conducted over one year in a tertiary care referral centre in North India. Total 222 women with abnormal Pap smear were included. To avoid observer bias, Gynocular and standard colposcope examinations were performed by two different observers at different places. Patients with swede score 5 or above by standard colposcopy were subjected to biopsy. Kappa statistics was applied for analysing correlation of swede score by the two methods and diagnostic efficacies were calculated with histopathology as gold standard. Results 100 women had swede score of 5 or above with Gynocular and 86 of these had high swede score on colposcopy also. Histopathology was available for these 86 women. Both colposcopy methods were in strong agreement (Kappa = 0.795; p \ 0.001) for swede scoring. HPE showed CIN 1 in 13.95%, CIN 2 in 4.65%, CIN3 in 6.98% and invasive cancer in 13.95% women. The HPE based sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values for Gynocular(100%, 61%, 100% and 22% respectively) were comparable with Standard colposcope. Conclusions Gynocular has comparable diagnostic accuracy with standard colposcope in diagnosing CIN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Role of Portable Colposcope (Gynocular) for Diagnosis of Pre-Invasive Lesions of Cervix

Singh

Negi

Sharma

et al. 2020

Indian J Gynecol Oncolog

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“…Our first product is a low-cost, smartphone-based mobile colposcope, which is functionally equivalent to a video colposcope [2]. Healthcare workers can use it together with our dedicated app to take high quality pictures of the cervix under bright white-light illumination, store those images on the cloud, and share the images with mentors for decision support.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial cancers and photon migration: Monte Carlo simulations and diffuse reflectance measurements

et al. 2015

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Detecting pre-cancer in epithelial tissues such as the cervix is a challenging task in low-resources settings. In an effort to achieve low cost cervical cancer screening and diagnostic method for use in low resource settings, mobile colposcopes that use a smartphone as their engine have been developed. Designing image analysis software suited for this task requires proper modeling of light propagation from the abnormalities inside tissues to the camera of the smartphones. Different simulation methods have been developed in the past, by solving light diffusion equations, or running Monte Carlo simulations. Several algorithms exist for the latter, including MCML and the recently developed MCX. For imaging purpose, the observable parameter of interest is the reflectance profile of a tissue under some specific pattern of illumination and optical setup. Extensions of the MCX algorithm to simulate this observable under these conditions were developed. These extensions were validated against MCML and diffusion theory for the simple case of contact measurements, and reflectance profiles under colposcopy imaging geometry were also simulated. To validate this model, the diffuse reflectance profiles of tissue phantoms were measured with a spectrometer under several illumination and optical settings for various homogeneous tissues phantoms. The measured reflectance profiles showed a non-trivial deviation across the spectrum. Measurements of an added absorber experiment on a series of phantoms showed that absorption of dye scales linearly when fit to both MCX and diffusion models. More work is needed to integrate a pupil into the experiment.

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