Optical ‘dampening’ of the refractive error to axial length ratio: implications for outcome measures in myopia control studies

Cruickshank, Fiona E; Logan, Nicola S

doi:10.1111/opo.12457

Cited by 33 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(27 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…37 We discovered a 0.059 reduction in SE:AL ratio per 1-mm increase in AL for the 3-to 21-year olds, 0.055 for the 22to 40-year olds, 0.046 for the 41-to 59-year olds, and 0.037 for the group no younger than 60 years. However, Cruickshank et al 36 observed a 0.05 reduction per 1-mm increase in AL for all age groups. We then carefully analyzed the plotted figures showing a reduction of 0.05/mm and the equations reflecting the relationship between refractive error and AL for varying ages and found an obviously decreasing slope of the reduction as age increased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…We then carefully analyzed the plotted figures showing a reduction of 0.05/mm and the equations reflecting the relationship between refractive error and AL for varying ages and found an obviously decreasing slope of the reduction as age increased. Thus, we assumed that Cruickshank et al 36 obtained an approximate value of 0.05/mm reduction for all age groups due to the narrow age range in their study. Consequently, the wide age ranges in our study would help better understand the relationship between refractive error and AL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Notably, a composite graph of data for all three groups exhibited a better correlation. 36 Thus, we speculated that the age range was the reason for the differences in correlation between different studies, with a larger range giving a higher correlation coefficient. Optical calculations based on Gullstrand reduced model eye parameters predict a reduction in the SE:AL ratio as the AL increases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Expanding the Phenotypic and Genotypic Landscape of Nonsyndromic High Myopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in 731 Chinese Patients

Cai

Zheng

Chen

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PURPOSE. High myopia (HM) is defined as a refractive error worse than À6.00 diopter (D). This study aims to update the phenotypic and genotypic landscape of nonsyndromic HM and to establish a biological link between the phenotypic traits and genetic deficiencies. METHODS. A cross-sectional study involving 731 participants varying in refractive error, axial length (AL), age, myopic retinopathy, and visual impairment. The phenotypic traits were analyzed by four ophthalmologists while mutational screening was performed in eight autosomal causative genes. Finally, we assessed the clinical relevance of identified mutations under the guidance of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. RESULTS. The relationship between refractive error and AL varied in four different age groups ranging from 3-to 85-years old. In adult groups older than 21 years, 1-mm increase in AL conferred 10.84% higher risk of pathologic retinopathy (Category ‡2) as well as 7.35% higher risk of low vision (best-corrected visual acuities <0.3) with P values < 0.001. The prevalence rates of pathologic retinopathy and low vision both showed a nonlinear positive correlation with age. Forty-five patients were confirmed to harbor pathogenic mutations, including 20 novel mutations. These mutations enriched the mutational pool of nonsyndromic HM to 1.5 times its previous size and enabled a statistically significant analysis of the genotypephenotype correlation. Finally, SLC39A5, CCDC111, BSG, and P4HA2 were more relevant to eye elongation, while ZNF644, SCO2, and LEPREL1 appeared more relevant to refracting media. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings shed light on how multiple HM-related phenotypes are associated with each other and their link with gene variants.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Expanding the Phenotypic and Genotypic Landscape of Nonsyndromic High Myopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in 731 Chinese Patients

Cai

Zheng

Chen

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Axial length rather than myopic refractive error should be the primary target for myopia management. It therefore needs to be assessed at each visit . Axial length does not have a stable growth rate with age, nor is it similar among the sexes and ethnicities, therefore, axial length should be related to its published growth curve per gender and ethnicity .…”

Section: Myopia Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia management in the Netherlands

Klaver

Polling

2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose A trend that myopia is becoming gradually more common is shown in studies worldwide. Highest frequencies have been found in East Asian urban populations (96.5%) but also a study in Europe shows that nearly half of the 25‐29 year olds has myopia. With the increase in prevalence, high myopia, i.e. a spherical equivalent of ‐6 or more and an axial length of 26 mm or more is also on the rise. High myopia particularly carries a significant risk of ocular pathology related to the long axial length. This highlights the need for myopia management in children with progressive myopia, in particular progression to high myopia. Recent findings During the last decade, many intervention studies for myopia progression have emerged. Although lifestyle adjustments are effective, pharmacological and optical interventions have shown the highest efficacy on reduction of eye growth. High concentration atropine (0.5%‐1.0%) shows the most reduction in axial length progression, but has drawbacks of light sensitivity and loss of accommodation. Nevertheless, when these side effects are mitigated by multifocal photochromatic glasses, the long‐term adherence to high dose atropine is high. Lower concentrations of atropine are less effective, but have less side effects. Studies on optical interventions have reported reduction of progression for Ortho‐K and multifocal contact lenses, but are in need for replication in larger studies with longer duration. Summary The field of myopia management is rapidly evolving, and a position on the best approach for daily clinics is desirable. Over the last 10 years, our team of clinical researchers has developed a strategy which involves decision‐making based on age, axial length, position on the axial length growth chart, progression rate, risk of high myopia, risk profile based on lifestyle and familial risk, side effects, and individual preference. This personalised approach ensures the most optimal long‐term myopia control, and helps fight against visual impairment and blindness in the next generations of elderly.

show abstract

“…The axial elongation responsible for causing myopia in most patients puts the eye at a greater risk of ocular pathology . Cruickshank and Logan explain why axial length and refractive error should not be used interchangeably, and provide both theoretical and empirical evidence that the relationship between axial length and refractive error differs in longer eyes as opposed to shorter eyes …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%