Optical coherence tomography as a biomarker of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: A review

Alonso, Ricardo; González‐Morón, Dolores; Garcea, Orlando

doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.03.007

Cited by 69 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In our series, VEP, OCT, and TOS discriminated MS patients with ON from those without it, suggesting that these techniques are sensitive enough to detect structural and/or functional changes produced in the optic nerve after an acute ON episode. However, of the three techniques, OCT yielded the best performance and was the only that could discriminate between MS eyes without a history of ON (nhON group) and healthy controls, as depicted by the ROC curve Thus, our work provides further the evidence that OCT measurements could act as a marker for global axonal damage in visually asymptomatic MS patients (Alonso, Gonzalez-Moron, & Garcea, 2018). Moreover, this was reinforced by the fact that RNFL thickness measurement by OCT correlated with EDSS at baseline.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Given the data above, we conclude that OCT, VEP, and TOS may be valid to monitor visual pathway damage in MS patients and that OCT is the most sensitive and specific when compared to the other two. Considering the hypothesis that axonal loss is the predominant cause of disability in MS, it is predicted that RNFL thickness should be smaller in the progressive subtypes of the disease, which has already been shown by several authors (Alonso et al, ; Balk et al, ; Henderson et al, ; Pulicken et al, ; Ratchford et al, ). Interestingly, the rate of RNFL thinning has been found to be greater in active and earlier phases of the disease, which could reflect a plateau effect of advanced stages (Klistorner et al, ; Laron et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Thus, our work provides further the evidence that OCT measurements could act as a marker for global axonal damage in visually asymptomatic MS patients (Alonso, Gonzalez‐Moron, & Garcea, ). Moreover, this was reinforced by the fact that RNFL thickness measurement by OCT correlated with EDSS at baseline.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional and structural changes in the visual pathway in multiple sclerosis

et al. 2019

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IntroductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease with an unpredictable course. Visual pathway is a target of the disease and may reflect mechanisms that lead to disability. Structural and functional changes in the visual pathway may be studied by noninvasive techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), visual evoked potentials (VEP), or B‐mode transorbital sonography (TOS).ObjectivesThe aim is to assess changes in the visual pathway in eyes of MS patients with and without a history of optic neuritis over a 3‐year period and to explore their relationship with disability.Materials and MethodsIn total, 112 eyes from 56 patients with relapsing MS were recruited: 29 with, and 83 without a history of ON (hON and nhON, respectively). Several parameters were measured by OCT, VEP, and TOS. Baseline measurements were also compared to 29 healthy controls. At 36 months, measurements were repeated in all eyes.ResultsAt baseline, all tests showed significant differences in optic nerve structure and function in both patient cohorts in all the parameters studied, suggestive of more impairment of the visual pathway among the hON cohort. OCT showed significant differences between healthy controls and the nhON cohort. At 36 months, the nhON cohort showed significant changes by OCT, VEP, and TOS suggestive of further visual pathway impairment. OCT measurements also correlated with baseline EDSS among the nhON cohort.ConclusionsOCT is the most suitable technique and outperforms VEP and TOS to detect subclinical damage in the visual pathway. It discriminated MS patients from healthy controls and showed a progressive decline in optic nerve thickness over time among these patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Functional and structural changes in the visual pathway in multiple sclerosis

et al. 2019

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“…It provides cross-sectional images of the macula and optic nerve head with enough resolution to accurately measure thickness of the individual retinal layers. Degeneration of some of these layers, especially the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL, containing the axons of neurons projecting from the retina to the thalamus) and ganglion cell layer (GCL, containing the cell bodies of these neurons), is associated with disease severity and progression in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease [18,19], but also with neuroaxonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [20][21][22]. These studies suggest that the neurodegeneration occurs simultaneously in the central nervous system and retina.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical coherence tomography shows neuroretinal thinning in myelopathy of adrenoleukodystrophy

et al. 2019

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Background Progressive myelopathy is the main cause of disability in adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Development of therapies is hampered by a lack of quantitative outcome measures. In this study, we investigated whether myelopathy in ALD is associated with retinal neurodegeneration on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which could serve as a surrogate outcome measure. Methods Sixty-two patients (29 men and 33 women) and 70 age-matched and sex-matched controls (33 men and 37 women) were included in this cross-sectional study. We compared retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness between ALD patients and controls. In addition, we correlated these OCT measurements with clinical parameters of severity of myelopathy. Results Patients had significantly thinner RNFL (male group, p < 0.05) and pRNFL superior and temporal quadrant [both male (p < 0.005) and female (p < 0.05) groups] compared to controls. Comparing three groups (symptomatic patients, asymptomatic patients and controls), there were significant differences in RNFL thickness (total grid and peripheral ring) in the male group (p ≤ 0.002) and in pRNFL thickness (superior and temporal quadrant) in both male (p ≤ 0.02) and the female (p ≤ 0.02) groups. Neuroretinal layer thickness correlated moderately with severity of myelopathy in men (correlation coefficients between 0.29-0.55, p < 0.02), but not in women. Conclusions These results suggest that neurodegeneration of the spinal cord in ALD is reflected in the retina of patients with ALD. Therefore, OCT could be valuable as an outcome measure for the myelopathy of ALD. Additional longitudinal studies are ongoing.

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“…If elevated, the mononuclear and total leucocyte cell counts are usually lower than in CNS infections. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can measure the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, which is a biomarker for neurodegeneration in MS[34,35].As for body fluid biomarkers other than the abovementioned routine CSF parameters, candidates have classically been identified at protein level, but increased levels of nitric oxide metabolites have also been proposed as disease activity biomarkers[36,37] and the lipid mediatiors 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) and 13-hydroxyoctadeca-…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%