Optical clearing of the dura mater using glycerol: a reversible process to aid the post-mortem investigation of infant head injury

Cheshire, Emma C.; Malcomson, Roger D. G.; Joseph, Shiju; Biggs, Mike J. B.; Adlam, David; Rutty, Guy N.

doi:10.1007/s12024-015-9691-7

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…to suppress light scattering. This can be achieved either by using physical methods (such as tissue compression) or by physicochemical methods (such as refractive index matching or the removal of scatterers with the optical clearing agents (OCAs)) basing on tissue optical clearing (OC) protocols [25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Tissue Optical Clearing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Laser Radiation Transport through the Head Tissues of Humans and Animals – A Review

Sabeeh

Tuchin

2020

J-BPE

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Modern studies of the penetration of light into biological tissues is becoming very important in various medical applications. This is an important factor for determining the optical dose in many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The absorption and scattering properties of the tissue under study determine how deeply the light will penetrate into the tissue. However, these optical properties are highly dependent on the wavelength of the light source and tissue condition. This overview paper analyzes the transmission of light through different areas of human and animal head tissues, and the optimal laser wavelength and power density required to reach different parts of the brain are determined using lasers with different wavelengths by comparing the distribution of fluence, penetration depth and the mechanism of interaction between laser light and head tissues. The power variation in different regions of the head is presented, as estimated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Data are analyzed for the absorption and scattering coefficients of the head tissue layers (scalp, skull, brain), calculated using integrating sphere measurements and inverse problem solving algorithms such as inverse MC (IMC) and adding-doubling (IAD). This study not only offered a quantitative comparison between wavelengths in terms of light transmission efficiency, but also anticipated the exciting opportunity for online, accurate and visible optimization of LLLT lighting parameters.

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Section: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Tissue Optical Clearing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Laser Radiation Transport through the Head Tissues of Humans and Animals – A Review

Sabeeh

Tuchin

2020

J-BPE

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“…Autopsy images of the subdural haemorrhages present in the cases below are available in our previous publication [ 25 ]. Case numbers given below relate to the current Table 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calvarial bones were removed and the dura mater was optical cleared as previously described [ 25 , 26 ]. Before reflection of the dura, any SDH seen through the membrane, overlying the cerebral convexities, was photographically documented.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic autopsy survey of human infant bridging veins

et al. 2017

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In the first years of life, subdural haemorrhage (SDH) within the cranial cavity can occur through accidental and non-accidental mechanisms as well as from birth-related injury. This type of bleeding is the most common finding in victims of abusive head trauma (AHT). Historically, the most frequent cause of SDHs in infancy is suggested to be traumatic damage to bridging veins traversing from the brain to the dural membrane. However, several alternative hypotheses have been suggested for the cause and origin of subdural bleeding. It has also been suggested by some that bridging veins are too large to rupture through the forces associated with AHT. To date, there have been no systematic anatomical studies on infant bridging veins. During 43 neonatal, infant and young child post-mortem examinations, we have mapped the locations and numbers of bridging veins onto a 3D model of the surface of a representative infant brain. We have also recorded the in situ diameter of 79 bridging veins from two neonatal, one infant and two young children at post-mortem examination. Large numbers of veins, both distant from and directly entering the dural venous sinuses, were discovered travelling between the brain and dural membrane, with the mean number of veins per brain being 54.1 and the largest number recorded as 94. The mean diameter of the bridging veins was 0.93 mm, with measurements ranging from 0.05 to 3.07 mm. These data demonstrate that some veins are extremely small and subjectively, and they appear to be delicate. Characterisation of infant bridging veins will contribute to the current understanding of potential vascular sources of subdural bleeding and could also be used to further develop computational models of infant head injury.

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“…After removal of the calvarial bones, the dural membrane was optically cleared by a method previously described [ 30 ] to increase the depth of imaging. The imaging probe was secured at a working distance of 17 mm above the parietal dura by a stand specifically designed to secure the probe.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-mortem imaging of the infant and perinatal dura mater and superior sagittal sinus using optical coherence tomography

et al. 2017

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Infants and young children are likely to present with subdural haemorrhage (SDH) if they are the victims of abusive head trauma. In these cases, the most accepted theory for the source of bleeding is the bridging veins traversing from the surface of the brain to the dura mater. However, some have suggested that SDH may result from leakage of blood from a dural vascular plexus. As post-mortem examination of the bridging veins and dura is challenging, and imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance and computed tomography do not have the resolution capabilities to image small blood vessels, we have trialled the use of intravascular and benchtop optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems for imaging from within the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and through the dura during five infant/perinatal autopsies. Numerous vessel-like structures were identified using both OCT systems. Measurements taken with the intravascular rotational system indicate that the approximate median diameters of blood vessels entering anterior and posterior segments of the SSS were 110 μm (range 70 to 670 μm, n = 21) and 125 μm (range 70 to 740 μm, n = 23), respectively. For blood vessels close to the wall of the SSS, the median diameters for anterior and posterior segments of the SSS were 80 μm (range 40 to 170 μm, n = 25) and 90 μm (range 30 to 150 μm), respectively. Detailed characterisation of the dural vasculature is important to aid understanding of the source of SDH. High resolution 3-dimensional reconstructions of the infant dural vasculature may be possible with further development of OCT systems.

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Optical clearing of the dura mater using glycerol: a reversible process to aid the post-mortem investigation of infant head injury

Abstract: We have demonstrated that glycerol is an effective and easy-to-use OCA to effect the readily reversible optical clearing of human infant calvarial dura at autopsy.

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Recent Advances in the Laser Radiation Transport through the Head Tissues of Humans and Animals – A Review

Recent Advances in the Laser Radiation Transport through the Head Tissues of Humans and Animals – A Review

A systematic autopsy survey of human infant bridging veins

Post-mortem imaging of the infant and perinatal dura mater and superior sagittal sinus using optical coherence tomography

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