Optical beam steering using liquid-based devices

Cheng, Yang; Cao, Jie; Hao, Qun

doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2021.106700

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…In addition to the above effects or forces, there are many other driving methods [37][38][39] for liquid lenses. They mainly directly change the liquid volume or pressure in the liquid lenses or squeeze the liquid through other actuating elements.…”

Section: Other Driving Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable Liquid Lenses: Emerging Technologies and Future Perspectives

Liu,

Zheng,

Yuan

et al. 2023

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Tunable liquid lenses with controllable focal length attract much attention from many researchers due to the unique advantages of strong adjustability, low power consumption, fast response time, and easy integration. In the last two decades, tunable liquid lenses have already been applied in machine vision, code scanner cameras, cellphone cameras, webcams, microscopes, mini projectors, AR/VR displays, 3D displays, and so on. There is no doubt that the tunable liquid lenses play an increasingly more important role in the field of optical technology. In this review, the research background and significance of the tunable liquid lenses are introduced. Tunable liquid lenses are systematically qualified according to the driving mechanism, and their current status and latest progress are presented in detail. The existing problems, directions for future research, and current and potential applications of the tunable liquid lenses are also discussed.

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Section: Other Driving Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable Liquid Lenses: Emerging Technologies and Future Perspectives

Liu,

Zheng,

Yuan

et al. 2023

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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“…Dielectrophoresis-induced bulk liquid movement minimises the energy of the system when the high dielectric constant liquid replaces the low dielectric constant air in the region of maximum electric field between two capacitor plates that are at a potential difference [9]. Electrical actuation of liquids and droplets via liquid dielectrophoresis has been exploited in applications including wall-less microfluidic and droplet dispensing devices [7] and in optofluidic devices such as tuneable liquid lenses, shutters, and beamsteerers [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency-controlled dielectrophoresis-driven wetting of nematic liquid crystals

Brown

Bhadwal

Edwards

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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We show that surface-localized dielectrophoresis-driven wetting of anisotropic nematic liquid crystal sessile droplets obeys the same relationship, cos⁡[θ(V_o)]=cos⁡[θ_Y ]-βV_o^2, which has previously been found for isotropic liquid droplets, even though the nematic liquid crystal phase possesses a uniaxial dielectric permittivity tensor. We also demonstrate that the dielectrowetting coefficient β, which determines the magnitude of the reduction in the contact angle, from θ_Y to θ(V_o ), through the action of a potential difference V_o, can be controlled by the frequency of the applied voltage between interdigitated electrodes beneath a droplet of highly dispersive nematic liquid crystal. Our Q-tensor modelling of the electric field-induced 2-dimensional n-director distortions within a nematic droplet elucidates how this linear relationship holds for voltages when |θ(V_o )-θ_Y | exceeds 3-4 degrees.

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“…At present, optofluidic laser scanners that are characterized by a transmissive mode and a nonmechanical structure provide an economical solution for laser steering. [ 11 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, optofluidic laser scanners that are characterized by a transmissive mode and a nonmechanical structure provide an economical solution for laser steering. [11] Compared with existing mechanical laser scanners, nonmechanical laser steering is achieved with an optofluidic prism based on electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). [12,13] The optofluidic prism has no mechanical moving component, and its power consumption is down to microwatts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Liquid‐Driven Laser Scanner with Low Voltage Based on Liquid‐Infused Membrane

Zhang

Zheng

et al. 2022

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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Laser energy is commonly used in tissue ablation, wound suturing, and other precise manipulations during surgery. However, currently available laser scanners require further improvements in terms of miniaturization, driving voltage, and stability to steer the laser beam accurately within a constrained environment. Herein, the development of a liquid‐driven laser scanner installed on the end effector of a continuum endoscope to perform fast and reliable laser steering is proposed. The developed laser scanner is 7 mm in diameter and 7 mm in length, and it is actuated with a voltage lower than 15 V due to the liquid‐infused membrane. The miniature size and low driving voltage of the proposed laser scanner facilitate safe laser‐assisted surgery in confined spaces. A theoretical model is established to predict laser spot position quantitatively, and laser steering ability is also tested experimentally. The fiber‐delivered laser beam can be steered for 21.2° (±10.6°) with a standard deviation of 0.3° in 1000 cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. A laser steering speed of up to 27.3 mm s−1 and a reflection loss of less than 3.1% are achieved.

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Optical beam steering using liquid-based devices

Cited by 11 publications

References 133 publications

Tunable Liquid Lenses: Emerging Technologies and Future Perspectives

Tunable Liquid Lenses: Emerging Technologies and Future Perspectives

Frequency-controlled dielectrophoresis-driven wetting of nematic liquid crystals

Design of a Liquid‐Driven Laser Scanner with Low Voltage Based on Liquid‐Infused Membrane

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