Optical and digital image processing in high-resolution electron microscopy

X-ray microscopy

“…In particular, image interpretation is yet to be fully understood, and potential problems in this concerned with the necessity of removing the unwanted diffraction orders have been discussed by Simpson and Michette (1984b). Following similar analyses of electron and optical microscopy (Burge and Dainty 1976, Sheppard and Choudhury 1977, Sheppard and Wilson 1978 it may be concluded that obstruction of the objective zone plate, rather than e.g. the detector, leads to the most faithful transfer of object detail to image detail.…”

Image Analysis In Electron Microscopy

“…Frank, 1972a;Bussler et al, 1972) but both computational effort and radiation damage limit the practical value of these extended schemes. A comprehensive investigation of the performance of restoration techniques using both optical and computer filtering of large image fields has recently been made by Burge et al (1977) and Kubler et al (1978a, b). Both groups found no appreciable difference between the performance of optical and digital implementations of restoration schemes.…”

A robust focusing and astigmatism correction method for the scanning electron microscope—Part II: Autocorrelation‐based coarse focusing method

“…Manual focusing can be a time-consuming process, and various methods that have been proposed to automate this process include maximizing the peak value of the derivative of the video signal (Dost 1968), maximizing the sum of the intensity gradient magnitudes over the whole image (Tee et al 1979) and maximizing the sum of squared differences between neighbouring points in the line scan direction over the whole image (Burge et al 1976). Several manufacturers of SEMs have developed automatic focusing attachments, most of which are based on maximizing the derivative of the video signal.…”