Optical and biochemical properties of a southwest Florida whiting event

Long, Jacqueline S.; Hu, Chuanmin; Robbins, Lisa L.; Byrne, Robert H.; Paul, John H.; Wolny, Jennifer L.

doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2017.07.017

Cited by 21 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The larger p CO 2 values in SS versus the NS may in part reflect the increases in the biomass of calcium carbonate organisms, diagenetic sediment processes, and other carbonate precipitation processes. For example, a general trend of very high p CO 2 values was observed between 25.272°N and 25.939°N which is also an area recognized by localized calcium carbonate precipitation events associated with diatom blooms (Long et al, ). Remote sensing showed enhanced reflectance and backscattering in these features (Long et al, , ), and the bloom cell concentrations were nearly 5 times higher inside than outside the waters that have high levels of suspended, fine‐grained calcium carbonate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a general trend of very high p CO 2 values was observed between 25.272°N and 25.939°N which is also an area recognized by localized calcium carbonate precipitation events associated with diatom blooms (Long et al, ). Remote sensing showed enhanced reflectance and backscattering in these features (Long et al, , ), and the bloom cell concentrations were nearly 5 times higher inside than outside the waters that have high levels of suspended, fine‐grained calcium carbonate. MODIS data over a nearshore SS location during a ten‐year time span showed a seasonal signal for these events (Long et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remote sensing showed enhanced reflectance and backscattering in these features (Long et al, , ), and the bloom cell concentrations were nearly 5 times higher inside than outside the waters that have high levels of suspended, fine‐grained calcium carbonate. MODIS data over a nearshore SS location during a ten‐year time span showed a seasonal signal for these events (Long et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO₂, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf

et al. 2018

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The West Florida Shelf (WFS) is a source of uncertainty for the Gulf of Mexico carbon budget.Data from the synthesis of approximately 135,000 pCO 2 values from 97 cruises from the WFS show that the shelf waters fluctuate between being a weak source to a weak sink of carbon. Overall, the shelf acts as a weak source of CO 2 at 0.32 ± 1.5 mol m À2 yr À1 . Subregions, however, reveal slightly different trends, where surface waters associated with 40-200-m isobath in the northern and southern WFS are generally weak sinks all year, except for summer when they act as sources of CO 2 . Conversely, nearshore waters (<40 m) are a source of CO 2 , particularly the southern shallow waters, which are a source all year round. The pCO 2 of seawater has been increasing at a rate of approximately 4.37 μatm/year as compared to atmospheric pCO 2 which has increased at a rate of about 1.7 μatm per year from 1996 to 2016. The annual CO 2 flux has increased from À0.78 to 0.92 mol m À2 yr À1 on the shelf from 1996-2016. The WFS is emitting 9.23 Tg C/year, with the southern nearshore region emitting the most at 9.01 Tg C/year and the northern region acting as a sink of À1.96 Tg C/year. Aragonite saturation state on the WFS shows seasonal and geographic trends with values ranging from 2 to 5. Lowest values are found in winter associated with subregion <40-m isobath.Plain Language Summary The West Florida Shelf (WFS) is a source of uncertainty for determining the Gulf of Mexico carbon budget and how surface waters are being affected by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels. Little is known about the WFS trends of the seawater partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ) over the last decades; much of the uncertainty stems from lack of data. In order to address some of this uncertainty, approximately 135,000 pCO 2 values collected on 97 research cruises between 1996 and 2016 were analyzed and show that the shelf waters have changed from being a weak sink to weak source of CO 2 to the atmosphere. Further, data was divided into four geographical subregions. Offshore surface waters absorb CO 2 , whereas nearshore surface waters emit CO 2 to the atmosphere. Importantly, pCO 2 of the nearshore seawater has been increasing at a rate approximately 2.5 times faster than atmospheric pCO 2 over the past 20 years. These data indicate that factors in addition to the atmosphere CO 2 are influencing increases in nearshore seawater. Additionally, WFS aragonite saturation state, often used to monitor ocean acidification conditions, shows seasonal and geographic trends, with year-round supersaturated values ranging from 2 to 5. Key Points:• WFS surface water shows a change from carbon sink to source from 1996 to 2016 • The WFS emits 9.23 Tg C/year, with the south nearshore emitting the most at 9.01 Tg C/year and the north acting as a sink of À1.96 Tg C/year • Shelf water (<40-m isobath) pCO 2 has increased at a rate approximately 2.6 times faster than the atmospheric rate in the past 20 yearsSupporting Information:• Supporting Information S1

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO₂, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf

et al. 2018

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“…Whiting is a short-lived phenomenon of milky parcels of water or bright in-water features, which has been reported globally in lacustrine, marine and freshwater environments and in semi-enclosed areas [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The ephemeral patches in whiting are turbid water with high levels of suspended fine-grained calcium carbonate mineral particles [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ephemeral patches in whiting are turbid water with high levels of suspended fine-grained calcium carbonate mineral particles [8][9][10][11]. Whiting events last from days to weeks and can be visualised via satellite images as extended milky-white water varying from a few meters to square kilometres long [1,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Mapping and Monitoring of Whiting in the Semi-Enclosed Gulf Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Time Series Images and a Generic Ensemble Tree-Based Model

et al. 2019

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Whiting events in seas and lakes are a natural phenomenon caused by suspended calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles. The Arabian Gulf, which is a semi-enclosed sea, is prone to extensive whiting that covers tens of thousands of square kilometres. Despite the extent and frequency of whiting events in the Gulf, studies documenting the whiting phenomenon are lacking. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to detect, map and document the spatial and temporal distributions of whiting events in the Gulf using daily images acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites from 2002 to 2018. A method integrating a geographic object-based image analysis, the correlation-based feature selection technique (CFS), the adaptive boosting decision tree (AdaBoost DT) and the rule-based classification were used in the study to detect, quantify and assess whiting events in the Gulf from the MODIS data. Firstly, a multiresolution segmentation was optimised using unsupervised quality measures. Secondly, a set of spectral bands and indices were investigated using the CFS to select the most relevant feature(s). Thirdly, a generic AdaBoost DT model and a rule-based classification were adopted to classify the MODIS time series data. Finally, the developed classification model was compared with various tree-based classifiers such as random forest, a single DT and gradient boosted DT. Results showed that both the combination of the mean of the green spectral band and the normalised difference index between the green and blue bands (NDGB), or the combination of the NDGB and the colour index for estimating the concentrations of calcium carbonates (CI) of the image objects, were the most significant features for detecting whiting. Moreover, the generic AdaBoost DT classification model outperformed the other tested tree-based classifiers with an overall accuracy of 97.86% and a kappa coefficient of 0.97. The whiting events during the study period (2002–2018) occurred exclusively during the winter season (November to March) and mostly in February. Geographically, the whiting events covered areas ranging from 12,000 km2 to 60,000 km2 and were mainly located along the southwest coast of the Gulf. The duration of most whiting events was 2 to 6 days, with some events extending as long as 8 to 11 days. The study documented the spatiotemporal distribution of whiting events in the Gulf from 2002 to 2018 and presented an effective tool for detecting and motoring whiting events.

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Long-term spatiotemporal variability of whitings in Lake Geneva from multispectral remote sensing and machine learning

Many

Escoffier

Ferrari

et al. 2022

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Optical and biochemical properties of a southwest Florida whiting event

Cited by 21 publications

References 58 publications

Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO₂, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf

Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO₂, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf

Spatiotemporal Mapping and Monitoring of Whiting in the Semi-Enclosed Gulf Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Time Series Images and a Generic Ensemble Tree-Based Model

Long-term spatiotemporal variability of whitings in Lake Geneva from multispectral remote sensing and machine learning

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Optical and biochemical properties of a southwest Florida whiting event

Cited by 21 publications

References 58 publications

Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO2, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf

Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO2, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf

Spatiotemporal Mapping and Monitoring of Whiting in the Semi-Enclosed Gulf Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Time Series Images and a Generic Ensemble Tree-Based Model

Long-term spatiotemporal variability of whitings in Lake Geneva from multispectral remote sensing and machine learning

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO₂, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf

Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO₂, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf