We report diffuse
reflectivity measurements in InNbO4, ScNbO4,
YNbO4, and eight rare-earth niobates.
A comparison with established values of the bandgap of InNbO4 and ScNbO4 shows that Tauc plot analysis gives erroneous
estimates of the bandgap energy. Conversely, accurate results are
obtained considering excitonic contributions using the Elliot–Toyozawa
model. The bandgaps are 3.25 eV for CeNbO4, 4.35 eV for
LaNbO4, 4.5 eV for YNbO4, and 4.73–4.93
eV for SmNbO4, EuNbO4, GdNbO4, DyNbO4, HoNbO4, and YbNbO4. The fact that
the bandgap energy is affected little by the rare-earth substitution
from SmNbO4 to YbNbO4 and the fact that they
have the largest bandgap are a consequence of the fact that the band
structure near the Fermi level originates mainly from Nb 4d and O
2p orbitals. YNbO4, CeVO4, and LaNbO4 have smaller bandgaps because of the contribution from rare-earth
atom 4d, 5d, or 4f orbitals to the states near the Fermi level.