Optetrode: a multichannel readout for optogenetic control in freely moving mice

Anikeeva, Polina; Andalman, Aaron S.; Witten, Ilana B.; Warden, Melissa R.; Goshen, Inbal; Grosenick, Logan; Gunaydin, Lisa A.; Frank, Loren M.; Deisseroth, Karl

doi:10.1038/nn.2992

Cited by 339 publications

(328 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Fig. S7&8), producing initial increase in neural activity, followed by decreased activity without temporal correlation to the laser pulses, consistent with previous reports [15,42] . Furthermore, to control for optoelectronic artifacts that sometimes occur in optogenetic experiments [43] , we have tested our devices in wild type mice that do not express ChR2, where they showed an ability to record neural activity corresponding to sensory stimulation (toe pinch), but did not optically evoke activity ( Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

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Polymer Fiber Probes Enable Optical Control of Spinal Cord and Muscle Function In Vivo

Froriep

Koppes

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

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Restoration of motor and sensory functions in paralyzed patients requires the development of tools for simultaneous recording and stimulation of neural activity in the spinal cord. In addition to its complex neurophysiology, the spinal cord presents technical challenges stemming from its flexible fibrous structure and repeated elastic deformation during normal motion. To address these engineering constraints, we developed highly flexible fiber probes, consisting entirely of polymers, for combined optical stimulation and recording of neural activity. The fabricated fiber probes exhibit low-loss light transmission even under repeated extreme bending deformations.Using our fiber probes, we demonstrate simultaneous recording and optogenetic stimulation of neural activity in the spinal cord of transgenic mice expressing the light sensitive protein channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). Furthermore, optical stimulation of the spinal cord with the polymer fiber probes induces on-demand limb movements that correlate with electromyographical (EMG) activity.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These probes often combined optical fibers with established neural recording technologies such as silicon miltielectrode arrays [11,12] , multitrodes [13,14] and tetrodes [15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Fiber Probes Enable Optical Control of Spinal Cord and Muscle Function In Vivo

Froriep

Koppes

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

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“…2F). Thus, the optogenetic inhibition targeted to pyramidal cells influenced local microcircuitry (19,20), yielding a time-locked disruption of population spike activity (inhibition:excitation ratio, 1.8:1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible online control of habitual behavior by optogenetic perturbation of medial prefrontal cortex

Smith

Virkud

Deisseroth

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Habits tend to form slowly but, once formed, can have great stability. We probed these temporal characteristics of habitual behaviors by intervening optogenetically in forebrain habit circuits as rats performed well-ingrained habitual runs in a T-maze. We trained rats to perform a maze habit, confirmed the habitual behavior by devaluation tests, and then, during the maze runs (ca. 3 s), we disrupted population activity in a small region in the medial prefrontal cortex, the infralimbic cortex. In accordance with evidence that this region is necessary for the expression of habits, we found that this cortical disruption blocked habitual behavior. Notably, however, this blockade of habitual performance occurred on line, within an average of three trials (ca. 9 s of inhibition), and as soon as during the first trial (<3 s). During subsequent weeks of training, the rats acquired a new behavioral pattern. When we again imposed the same cortical perturbation, the rats regained the suppressed maze-running that typified the original habit, and, simultaneously, the more recently acquired habit was blocked. These online changes occurred within an average of two trials (ca. 6 s of infralimbic inhibition). Measured changes in generalized performance ability and motivation to consume reward were unaffected. This immediate toggling between breaking old habits and returning to them demonstrates that even semiautomatic behaviors are under cortical control and that this control occurs online, second by second. These temporal characteristics define a framework for uncovering cellular transitions between fixed and flexible behaviors, and corresponding disturbances in pathologies.H abits are among the most stable and powerful behaviors that we have. Forming such strongly ingrained behaviors requires that a durable representation of the movement repertoire be acquired. Much evidence suggests that this process involves a gradual transition from flexible and goal-directed behavior to a more fixed, habitual behavioral strategy (1-7). How these properties of habits map onto neural circuitry has been the focus of classic lesion and chemical inactivation studies, which have identified regions of the striatum as essential for the expression of habits (2-4). In addition, such studies have established that a region in the medial prefrontal cortex also must be intact for habits to be expressed (7-9). This medial prefrontal region [called infralimbic (IL) cortex in rodents] is linked to emotion-related limbic circuitry and projects to sites that promote behavioral flexibility at the expense of habits (e.g., prelimbic cortex and medial striatum) (3,4,7,10). Based on this anatomy, the IL cortex is thought to be at an executive level in the control of habits and behavioral strategies (1,8,9,11).This sketch of the circuitry for habits and skilled habit-like behaviors opens key questions about how habitual behaviors are controlled on a moment-by-moment basis. The slow emergence of habits favors a gradual biasing of these behaviors toward automaticity...

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“…Early work involving in vivo optogenetics relied on the manual assembly of commercially available components such as microwires and optical fibers, which are not only bulky but can also experience large misalignments due to human error 9,159 . Since then, engineering efforts have gradually evolved towards MEMS technologies for miniaturization, high-density integration, and precise definition of the probe dimensions with lithographic resolution.…”

Section: Early Development Of Optogenetic Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-art MEMS and microsystem tools for brain research

et al. 2017

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Mapping brain activity has received growing worldwide interest because it is expected to improve disease treatment and allow for the development of important neuromorphic computational methods. MEMS and microsystems are expected to continue to offer new and exciting solutions to meet the need for high-density, high-fidelity neural interfaces. Herein, the state-of-the-art in recording and stimulation tools for brain research is reviewed, and some of the most significant technology trends shaping the field of neurotechnology are discussed.

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Optetrode: a multichannel readout for optogenetic control in freely moving mice

Cited by 339 publications

References 43 publications

Polymer Fiber Probes Enable Optical Control of Spinal Cord and Muscle Function In Vivo

Polymer Fiber Probes Enable Optical Control of Spinal Cord and Muscle Function In Vivo

Reversible online control of habitual behavior by optogenetic perturbation of medial prefrontal cortex

State-of-the-art MEMS and microsystem tools for brain research

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