Oppositional Dynamics of Organic<i>versus</i>Inorganic Contaminants in Oysters Following an Oil Spill

Barbour, Elie K.; Sabra, Alia H.; Bianu, Elisabeta; Jaber, Lina; Shaib, Houssam

doi:10.2112/08-1059.1

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The severity of the symptoms and gross lesions increased in group 4 with higher respiratory distress and mortality rate with 20%, these results match with (Ginns et al, 1998). The results in group 3 revealed the same severity of the clinical symptoms, gross examination, and mortality rate of group 4, however, the infection of the E.coli 3 days post the H9N2 inoculation, as previously reported (Barbour et al, 2009 ;Mahana et al,2019). Converting to the group 2, there were decrease in mortality rate in comparison to group 3, and group 4 which also were coinfected with E.coli with mortality rates in both of them, however the clinical findings of the symptoms and post mortem lesions of group 2 very close to group 3, and group 4.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Experimental Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H9N2) and Escherichia Coli in SPF Broiler Chickens.

Taha¹,

Ibrahim

Osmsn

et al. 2019

SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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The work was implemented to evaluate the pathogenicity of H9N2 when co-infected with the E.coli. Avian influenza H9N2 virus strain A/chicken/Egypt/1618F/2016 which was isolated from Luxor province during 2016 and E.coli serotype O78 were used in this research. Sixty SPF birds were divided into 6 groups of ten birds each. At age 21 days, group 1 was inoculated with H9N2 only, group 2 received E.coli and three days later received H9N2, group 3 inoculated with H9N2 and after three days received E.coli, group 4 was challenged with E.coli and H9N2 at the same time, group 5 was inoculated with E.coli only, and group 6 was designed as a negative group. Clinical signs, postmortem examination, and serological examination were monitored for 15 days. The H9N2 virus presence was assessed in tracheal and cloacal swabs using real-time PCR. The most severe signs and lesions were observed in groups (3, and 4), with also high mortality rate than other groups with a percentage of 20%. Groups 3, and 4 showed a longer duration in virus shedding in the tracheal and cloacal samples. The hemagglutination inhibition test, group 4 showed high HI antibody titer against AIV-H9N2 antigen than other groups, while group 2 showed the lowest HI antibody titer against AIV-H9N2 antigen than other groups that received only the H9N2 virus. In conclusion, the outcomes of this study revealed that the infection of H9N2 with E.coli can exacerbate the clinical outcomes and mortality rates which leads to higher economic losses in chicken flocks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Experimental Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H9N2) and Escherichia Coli in SPF Broiler Chickens.

Taha¹,

Ibrahim

Osmsn

et al. 2019

SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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“…Two studies looking at the occurrence and distribution of metals in mussels 2–4 years after the Prestige oil spill found that V was increased in post–oil spill samples when comparing with mussels from oiled with nonoiled sites and historical samples ( Bartolomé et al 2010 ; Villares et al 2007 ). Another study conducted after the Jiyeh oil spill in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea found that heavy metals including Pb, Ni, and V were increased in oysters 305 days versus 72 days after the oil spill, whereas PAH levels had decreased ( Barbour et al 2009a ) and levels had high positive correlation with size and length of the oysters ( Barbour et al 2009b ). In a study of metal accumulation in marine blue crabs almost 10 years after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill, Al-Mohanna and Subrahmanyam (2001) found high concentrations of Zn and Cu in crabs at one sampling location and high concentrations of As, Pb, Mn, magnesium (Mg), Se, and V in crabs from another sampling site.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Seafood Safety after the Deepwater Horizon Blowout

Gohlke

Doke

Tipre

et al. 2011

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: The Deepwater Horizon (DH) blowout resulted in fisheries closings across the Gulf of Mexico. Federal agencies, in collaboration with impacted Gulf states, developed a protocol to determine when it is safe to reopen fisheries based on sensory and chemical analyses of seafood. All federal waters have been reopened, yet concerns have been raised regarding the robustness of the protocol to identify all potential harmful exposures and protect the most sensitive populations.Objectives: We aimed to assess this protocol based on comparisons with previous oil spills, published testing results, and current knowledge regarding chemicals released during the DH oil spill.Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of relevant scientific journal articles and government documents concerning seafood contamination and oil spills and consulted with academic and government experts.Results: Protocols to evaluate seafood safety before reopening fisheries have relied on risk assessment of health impacts from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures, but metal contamination may also be a concern. Assumptions used to determine levels of concern (LOCs) after oil spills have not been consistent across risk assessments performed after oil spills. Chemical testing results after the DH oil spill suggest PAH levels are at or below levels reported after previous oil spills, and well below LOCs, even when more conservative parameters are used to estimate risk.Conclusions: We recommend use of a range of plausible risk parameters to set bounds around LOCs, comparisons of post-spill measurements with baseline levels, and the development and implementation of long-term monitoring strategies for metals as well as PAHs and dispersant components. In addition, the methods, results, and uncertainties associated with estimating seafood safety after oil spills should be communicated in a transparent and timely manner, and stakeholders should be actively involved in developing a long-term monitoring strategy.

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“… 18 − 22 Metals are known to accumulate in marine animal tissues after oil spills. 23 , 24 A recent report shows that oil which came from the well (MC252 crude oil) contained measurable amount of metals including aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), vanadium(V), and zinc (Zn). 25 Each of these metals was also present in oil mousse collected from the sea surface with the addition of manganese (Mn).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the aftermath of the crisis, there has been significant federal, scientific, and public concern regarding the toxicological impacts of the hydrocarbons in the oil and the possible toxicity of the chemical dispersants. − In contrast, minimal attention has been paid to the potential threat of carcinogenic metals that are known to be in crude oil. − Metals are known to accumulate in marine animal tissues after oil spills. , A recent report shows that oil which came from the well (MC252 crude oil) contained measurable amount of metals including aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), vanadium(V), and zinc (Zn) . Each of these metals was also present in oil mousse collected from the sea surface with the addition of manganese (Mn) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of the Genotoxic Metals, Chromium and Nickel, in Whales, Tar Balls, Oil Slicks, and Released Oil from the Gulf of Mexico in the Immediate Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Crisis: Is Genotoxic Metal Exposure Part of the Deepwater Horizon Legacy?

Wise

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Concern regarding the Deepwater Horizon oil crisis has largely focused on oil and dispersants while the threat of genotoxic metals in the oil has gone largely overlooked. Genotoxic metals, such as chromium and nickel, damage DNA and bioaccumulate in organisms, resulting in persistent exposures. We found chromium and nickel concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 8.46 ppm in crude oil from the riser, oil from slicks on surface waters and tar balls from Gulf of Mexico beaches. We found nickel concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 94.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 15.9 ± 3.5 ppm and chromium concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 73.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 12.8 ± 2.6 ppm in tissue collected from Gulf of Mexico whales in the wake of the crisis. Mean tissue concentrations were significantly higher than those found in whales collected around the world prior to the spill. Given the capacity of these metals to damage DNA, their presence in the oil, and their elevated concentrations in whales, we suggest that metal exposure is an important understudied concern for the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster.

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Oppositional Dynamics of OrganicversusInorganic Contaminants in Oysters Following an Oil Spill

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Experimental Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H9N2) and Escherichia Coli in SPF Broiler Chickens.

Experimental Co-infection of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H9N2) and Escherichia Coli in SPF Broiler Chickens.

A Review of Seafood Safety after the Deepwater Horizon Blowout

Concentrations of the Genotoxic Metals, Chromium and Nickel, in Whales, Tar Balls, Oil Slicks, and Released Oil from the Gulf of Mexico in the Immediate Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Crisis: Is Genotoxic Metal Exposure Part of the Deepwater Horizon Legacy?

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