Oppositional defiant disorder: current insight

Abstract

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is diagnosed broadly on the basis of frequent and persistent angry or irritable mood, argumentativeness/defiance, and vindictiveness. Since its inception in the third Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, epidemiological and longitudinal studies have strongly suggested a distinct existence of ODD that is different from other closely related externalizing disorders, with different course and outcome and possibly discrete subtypes. However, several issues, such as symptom threshold, dimensional versus categorical conceptualization, and sex-specific symptoms, are yet to be addressed. Although ODD was found to be highly heritable, no genetic polymorphism has been identified with confidence. There has been a definite genetic overlap with other externalizing disorders. Studies have begun to explore its epigenetics and gene–environment interaction. Neuroimaging findings converge to implicate various parts of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula. Alteration in cortisol levels has also been demonstrated consistently. Although a range of environmental factors, both familial and extrafamilial, have been studied in the past, current research has combined these with other biological parameters. Psychosocial treatment continues to be time-tested and effective. These include parental management training, school-based training, functional family therapy/brief strategic family therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy. Management of severe aggression and treatment of co-morbid disorders are indications for pharmacotherapy. In line with previous conceptualization of chronic irritability as a bipolar spectrum abnormality, most studies have explored antipsychotics and mood stabilizers in the management of aggression, with limited effects.

Constraint induced movement therapy for children with spastic hemiparesis cerebral palsy and mental disorder: report of a case study

“…Even when it has been decided only to call the father in the most extreme circumstances, the fact that he is nearby the whole time acts as a "constraint", something which is needed for this child. According to Ghosh et al (2017) [25] parental practices are the most accessible and efficient aids when managing the alterations caused by ODD.…”

Adaptation studies in Europe

“…In a brief overview of the current studies' findings about the etiology of oppositional defiant disorder, Ghosh, Ray and Basu (2017) summarized that oppositional defiant disorder is highly heritable, with a definite genetic overlap with other externalizing disorders. The role of interactions between genes and environmental factors, both familial and extra familial, in the emergence of oppositional defiant disorder have been extensively explored in the past decade.…”

Hava Nagila

“…This disorder is diagnosed broadly on the basis of a pattern of frequent and persistent angry or irritable mood, argumentativenessor defiance, and vindictiveness, lasting at least 6 months (Ghosh, Ray, & Basu, 2017).…”