Opportunities, recent trends and challenges of integrated biorefinery: Part II

Developments in solid-state fermentation for the production of biomass-degrading enzymes for the bioenergy sector

“…In addition to contributing to the removal of environmental pollutants, the conversion of these lignocellulosic materials into commercially valuable products could provide substantial economic dividends. One of their most promising uses involves their conversion into bioproducts, within the biorefinery concept [5][6][7]. A huge variety of bioproducts can be obtained from fermentation processes.…”

Evolution of fuel-N in gas phase during biomass pyrolysis

“…Biomass pyrolysis can be treated recently as the leading conversion platforms for biomass-to-liquid transportation fuels and is usually described using three different regimes based on severity: primary (below 773 K), secondary (973-1123 K) and tertiary (1123-1273 K) [14,15]. Biomass pyrolysis is an especially complicated process and is affected by some factors including biomass species, mineral composition and content, particle size, heating rate, temperature, residence time, pressure and reactor type.…”

Fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus waste in a conical spouted bed reactor

“…Over the last decades, biomass conversion technologies have been directed towards the development of the biorefinery concept by means of chemical, biochemical and thermochemical processes for the production of fuels and chemicals (FitzPatrick et al, 2010). Flash pyrolysis for bio-oil production has been regarded as one of the most feasible processes on a large scale as it involves several advantages, such as simplicity and low energy requirements and capital investment (Maity, 2015). Thus, bio-oil can be produced in a delocalized way in rural areas where biomass is available and transported to centralized biorefineries for the production of fuels and chemicals as well as heat and power (Bridgwater, 2012).…”