Opportunities and challenges of pain-related myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract

Pain is one of the most serious problems plaguing human health today. Pain is not an independent pathophysiological condition and is associated with a high impact on elevated disability and organ dysfunction. Several lines of evidence suggested the associations of pain with cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, while the role of pain in I/R injury and related mechanisms are not yet comprehensively assessed. In this review, we attempted to explore the role of pain in myocardial I/R injury, and we concluded that acute pain protects myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and chronic pain aggravates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, the construction of different pain models and animal models commonly used to study the role of pain in myocardial I/R injury were discussed in detail, and the potential mechanism of pain-related myocardial I/R injury was summarized. Finally, the future research direction was prospected. That is, the remote regulation of pain to cardiac function requires peripheral pain signals to be transmitted from the peripheral to the cardiac autonomic nervous system, which then affects autonomic innervation during cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and finally affects the cardiac function.

Pain As A Potential Impact Factor In Cardiac Rehabilitation: Literature Review

“…Most of the analyzed studies are of the observational type carried out through questionnaires, where a direct correlation was observed with the increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic pain, a direct relationship between the intensity of the pain and the severity of the cardiovascular symptoms, and individuals with cardiovascular disease who did not present with pain showed a better prognosis [45][46][47]49,51,[53][54][55][56][58][59][60][61][62][63][64].…”

“…Chronic pain is one of the main causes of disability in the world, reducing the quality of life and is responsible for increasing the risk of mortality in the population [2].…”

“…It is characterized by a picture of persistent pain for more than three months, is associated with functional disability, and is pointed out by some studies as a risk factor for the development or clinical worsening of cardiovascular disease [2].…”

“…The study of pain has been developing a lot in recent years, where its pathophysiology is already well defined and its treatment follows international guidelines, developed by specialists, enabling a better approach and treatment [2].…”

“…It is commonly possible to observe people who have these two pathologies, as well as other comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, smoking, sedentary lifestyle associated with poor diet [2].…”