“…This study was based in Uganda, a developing country that is located in the geographical Eastern Africa region. In this region, several studies indicate that the VHF band was vacated and pushed to UHF [9], [10]. This is evidenced in Uganda's radio spectrum allocation table, where the upper VHF band is not allocated [11].…”
The 2015 migration from Very High Frequency (VHF) Analog to Digital Television (TV) created plenty of white spaces in the entire . These white spaces can be used by other wireless applications and internet services whose radio spectrum is already pushed to maximum utilization and is therefore scarce for emerging wireless applications such as IP Television, high-speed wireless internet, cellular telephony, multimedia services, Zigbee, WiMax-Advanced. In this study, we implemented a VHF Land Mobile Radio System (LMRS) that can utilise the Television White Spaces (TVWS) in the upper VHF TV band for mission critical voice transmissions. We detected VHF Land Mobile Radio (LMR) transmissions in the TVWS using energy sensing techniques, with the real-time energy detector developed on the Software-Defined Radio (SDR) testbed composed of RTL-SDR device, VHF Radio and GNU Radio. We used a simulated energy detector using GNU Radio to set the evaluation benchmark. In both, the simulations and the real-time platform, a Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM) was generated and transmitted through the TVWS. The performance of the implemented real-time energy detector compared to the simulated one was lower, due to the noise distribution being not perfectly Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), and thermal noise from the RTL-SDR. In addition, the transmission in TVWS was high in signal energy compared to transmission in traditional LMR frequency (approximately 10% improvement), and thus improved penetration in remote areas and thick forests.
“…This study was based in Uganda, a developing country that is located in the geographical Eastern Africa region. In this region, several studies indicate that the VHF band was vacated and pushed to UHF [9], [10]. This is evidenced in Uganda's radio spectrum allocation table, where the upper VHF band is not allocated [11].…”
The 2015 migration from Very High Frequency (VHF) Analog to Digital Television (TV) created plenty of white spaces in the entire . These white spaces can be used by other wireless applications and internet services whose radio spectrum is already pushed to maximum utilization and is therefore scarce for emerging wireless applications such as IP Television, high-speed wireless internet, cellular telephony, multimedia services, Zigbee, WiMax-Advanced. In this study, we implemented a VHF Land Mobile Radio System (LMRS) that can utilise the Television White Spaces (TVWS) in the upper VHF TV band for mission critical voice transmissions. We detected VHF Land Mobile Radio (LMR) transmissions in the TVWS using energy sensing techniques, with the real-time energy detector developed on the Software-Defined Radio (SDR) testbed composed of RTL-SDR device, VHF Radio and GNU Radio. We used a simulated energy detector using GNU Radio to set the evaluation benchmark. In both, the simulations and the real-time platform, a Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM) was generated and transmitted through the TVWS. The performance of the implemented real-time energy detector compared to the simulated one was lower, due to the noise distribution being not perfectly Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), and thermal noise from the RTL-SDR. In addition, the transmission in TVWS was high in signal energy compared to transmission in traditional LMR frequency (approximately 10% improvement), and thus improved penetration in remote areas and thick forests.
“…In this section, we propose a novel learning algorithm called e-UCB, based on UCB and e-greedy, to tackle the OSA problem and help a SU to find an opportunity in the frequency band. Here, it is worth mentioning that the well-known MAB algorithms that address the OSA problem are based or insipred either by UCB or e-greedy [14,[17][18][19][20][21]. Hereinafter, we extend e-UCB to consider the multiple SUs case in which a novel comptetive policy for the priority access is proposed.…”
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“…This paper investigates two major scenarios: SUs network with cooperative or competitive behaviors, under two different policies: Side channel [13] and a novel policy called PLA (priority learning access) for the multi-user case.…”
Section: Cognitive Radiomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…All these versions achieve a logarithmic regret with respect to the number of played slots in the single-user case. For multiple users, we proposed respectively in [13] and [29] cooperative and competitive policies to collectively learn the vacancy probabilities of channels and decrease the number of collisions among users. The latter policies are simulated under TS, UCB, and -greedy algorithms.…”
Opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) problem in cognitive radio (CR) networks allows a secondary (unlicensed) user (SU) to access a vacant channel allocated to a primary (licensed) user (PU). By finding the availability of the best channel, i.e., the channel that has the highest availability probability, a SU can increase its transmission time and rate. To maximize the transmission opportunities of a SU, various learning algorithms are suggested: Thompson sampling (TS), upper confidence bound (UCB),-greedy, etc. In our study, we propose a modified UCB version called AUCB (Arctan-UCB) that can achieve a logarithmic regret similar to TS or UCB while further reducing the total regret, defined as the reward loss resulting from the selection of non-optimal channels. To evaluate AUCB's performance for the multiuser case, we propose a novel uncooperative policy for a priority access where the kth user should access the kth best channel. This manuscript theoretically establishes the upper bound on the sum regret of AUCB under the single or multiuser cases. The users thus may, after finite time slots, converge to their dedicated channels. It also focuses on the Quality of Service AUCB (QoS-AUCB) using the proposed policy for the priority access. Our simulations corroborate AUCB's performance compared to TS or UCB.
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