Opportunistic Infections in Women With HIV AIDS

Abstract

Women account for half of the global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) infections. Heterosexual contact is the leading risk factor in women. Over 50% of patients are significantly immunosuppressed at the time of diagnosis. Women with advanced HIV infection are at a risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). OIs lead to significant morbidity and cost. Some of OIs may impact women more significantly than men, that is, human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer. OIs during pregnancy can increase the risk of maternal-to-child transmission of HIV and some OIs, such as Hepatitis C. This chapter will review of OIs that are most important in women's health.

Mother-to-Neonate Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…The maternal MRSA colonization rate was higher compared to previous reports [3,[27][28][29][30][31][32]; for example, Denkel et al [3] found MRSA in 0.6% of mothers to very low birth weight neonates. In contrast, a higher (29.6%) prevalence of S. aureus colonization was found in Africa [27].…”

“…Another important point is the including criteria for participating women. While we screened all pregnant women that agreed to participated in the study, some studies collected samples only from mothers to newborns that were either born preterm [6,17,30] or with a low birthweight [3]. These criteria may bias studies' results, which probably do not reflect the prevalence of maternal colonization in all pregnant women.…”

“…As with the mothers' colonization rates, the neonatal colonization rates varied between different studies, from 0.04% to 14.8% [3,6,[16][17][18][19][20]. MRSA colonization rates ranged from 0% to 6.1% [3,20,[28][29][30][31].…”

“…Reported maternal-to-neonate transmission rates of ESBL varied from 14% to 100% [6,15,16,[18][19][20]. Transmission rates of MRSA from mother to newborn ranged from 0% to 86.7% [3,17,20,[27][28][29][30][31]. These diverse transmission rates probably result from the different study designs, since some of the studies screened specific sub-populations of neonates (such as neonates with a low birth weight or neonates that are hospitalized in NICU).…”

Gestantes Infectadas Pelo Hiv-1 Atendidas Em Serviço De Referência: Características Clínicas E Sociodemográficas.

“…A tricomoníase tem maior proporção de casos entre mulheres infectadas pelo HIV e em gestantes. As implicações, incluem-se parto pré-termo e baixo peso ao nascer 22 . A sífilis apresenta risco de dano placentário e aumento de transmissão vertical do HIV intrauterino, além do risco da sífilis congênita 13 .…”