Opportunistic free: Living amoeba now becoming a usual pathogen?

Ghadage, Dnyaneshwari P.; Choure, Archana Chintaman; Wankhade, Archana; Bhore, Arvind V.

doi:10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_815_16

Cited by 12 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…GAE is a subacute or chronic granulomatous encephalitis characterized by neck ankylosis, headache, and fever. Other progressive neurological symptoms include altered mental state, seizures, confusion, hallucination, focal neurologic signs, diplopia, cranial nerve palsies, ataxia, high grade flaccid paralysis of right lower limb, lethargy, stiff neck, and personality changes ( Coven et al, 2017 ; Ghadage et al, 2017 ; Geith et al, 2018 ). GAE is a progressive disease leading to death within 1–2 months of symptom onset due to increased intracranial pressure ( Duggal et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Acanthamoeba Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba

et al. 2023

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Acanthamoeba is an opportunistic protozoa, which exists widely in nature and is mainly distributed in soil and water. Acanthamoeba usually exists in two forms, trophozoites and cysts. The trophozoite stage is one of growth and reproduction while the cyst stage is characterized by cellular quiescence, commonly resulting in human infection, and the lack of effective monotherapy after initial infection leads to chronic disease. Acanthamoeba can infect several human body tissues such as the skin, cornea, conjunctiva, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract, especially when the tissue barriers are damaged. Furthermore, serious infections can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, skin, and lung infections. With an increasing number of Acanthamoeba infections in recent years, the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba is becoming more relevant to mainstream clinical care. This review article will describe the etiological characteristics of Acanthamoeba infection in detail from the aspects of biological characteristic, classification, disease, and pathogenic mechanism in order to provide scientific basis for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Acanthamoeba infection.

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Section: Acanthamoeba Related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological characteristics and pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba

et al. 2023

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Applications of medicinal chemistry for drug discovery against Acanthamoeba infections

Ahmed

Anwar

Ong

et al. 2021

Medicinal Research Reviews

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Acanthamoeba is a genus of free‐living amoebae, pervasively found in the environment. Most of its pathogenic species are the causative agent of sight‐threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Despite the advancements in the field of chemotherapy, treating Acanthamoeba infections is still challenging due to incomplete knowledge of the complicated pathophysiology. In case of infection, the treatment regimen for the patients is often ineffective due to delayed diagnosis, poor specificity, and side‐effects. Besides the resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to most of the drugs, the recurrence of infection further complicates the recovery. Thus, it is necessary to develop an effective treatment which can eradicate these rare, but serious infections. Based on various computational and in vitro studies, it has been established that the synthetic scaffolds such as heterocyclic compounds may act as potential drug leads for the development of antiamoebic drugs. In this review, we report different classes of synthetic compounds especially heterocyclic compounds which have shown promising results against Acanthamoeba. Moreover, the antiamoebic activities of synthetic compounds with their possible mode of actions against Acanthamoeba, have been summarized and discussed in this review.

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