Opioids, Behavior, and Learning in Mammalian Development

Kehoe, Priscilla

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5421-5_9

Cited by 36 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…The present results reaffirm Kehoe's (1988) assertion that the neural mechanisms that produce conditioned aversions and preferences in adults are functional in rat pups as young as Day 5. Even if the maturation of the neural mechanisms necessary to produce morphine preferences and aversions is incomplete in immature rats, complete functional maturation might not be a precursor for the behavioral effects demonstrated in these and previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids on development and learning in rats has been studied extensively (see Kehoe, 1988). In fact, in the last decade, the opioid system has emerged as a particularly fruitful area for research, some of which has focused on opiates and associative learning.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a second series of experiments, Kehoe andBlass (1986b, 1989) conditioned pups on Day 5 with an artificialorangeodoreitherpairedorunpairedwith intraperitonealinjections ofalow dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg). Consistent with the taste conditioningdata associated with this low dose, subjects in the paired group spent significantly more time over the orange odor than did subjects in control groups.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The biphasic effect of morphine on odor conditioning in neonatal rats

Randall

Kraemer

Dose

et al. 1992

Developmental Psychobiology

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Three experiments examined the dose-dependent biphasic effect of morphine on odor conditioning in neonatal rats. In Experiment 1, a single pairing of an odor and a low dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) in 5-day-old rats produced an odor preference, relative to an unpaired control group. In Experiment 2, pairing an odor with a high dose of morphine (2.0 mg/kg) produced an odor aversion, relative to an unpaired control group. A third experiment compared performance of a group given odor and morphine (2.0 mg/kg) paired to that of two unpaired groups: one given morphine 24 hr prior to and the other 24 hr after odor exposure. The paired group showed an odor aversion relative to both of the unpaired groups, which did not differ. The latter finding suggests that even if morphine metabolism is incomplete after 24 hr, behavior is unaffected. These results are discussed in reference to the functional development of the opioid system in rats.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The biphasic effect of morphine on odor conditioning in neonatal rats

Randall

Kraemer

Dose

et al. 1992

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…Rather, endogenous opioid activity appears to exert a more general influence on sensory, motor, and associative behavioral processes. This interpretation agrees with a spectrum of other behavioral effects associated with opioid activity in the fetus, including reorganization of spontaneous motor activity (Smotherman & Robinson, 1992c), expression of species-typical suckling behavior (Anderson et al, 1993), and facilitation of associative learning in both the fetus and neonatal rat (see reviews by Johanson & Terry, 1988;Kehoe, 1988;Robinson & Smotherman, 1995). Thus, apart from the specific effects of opioids on nociception, evidence suggests that the fetal opioid system may play a more general role in regulating the organization of behavior and responses and in many sensory modalities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Effects of amniotic fluid on opioid activity and fetal responses to chemosensory stimuli

Korthank

Robinson

1998

Dev. Psychobiol.

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“…These agents, when delivered intraorally, are remarkably effective in reducing ultrasonic vocalizations in isolated t0-day-old rats and cause a 50% increase in pain threshold Shide & Blass, in press). Both of these effects are fully reversible by the opioid antagonist naitrexone and thereby precisely mirror findings obtained with morphine treatment (Kehoe & Blass, 1986; for reviews see Kehoe, 1988).…”

Section: Motivational Factorssupporting

confidence: 55%

Sensorimotor and motivational determinants of hand-mouth coordination in 1-3-day-old human infants.

Blass

Fillion²,

Rochat³

et al. 1989

Developmental Psychology

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Hand-mouth coordination was studied in l-3-day-old human infants by delivering 0.2 ml of sterile 12% sucrose solution intraorally once every 2 min. Sucrose was extraordinarily calming and caused sustained hand-in-mouth contact. The calm state persisted well beyond sucrose termination. Handin-mouth behavior, however, stopped upon sucrose termination, demonstrating stimulus control over this integrated behavior. In subsequent studies we demonstrated that hand-in-mouth behavior was not attributable to calming per se. Moreover, hand activity could be prevented by placing a pacifier in the mouth. This demonstrates that the behavior was under intraoral somesthetic control and was not necessarily the expression of a motor pattern triggered by the sweet taste. These findings are interpreted within the contexts of sucrose (a) calming through an endogenous opioid system and (b) activating suckling-feeding mechanisms, causing the expression of integrated hand, mouth, and head motor patterns.In human development, hand-mouth contact is among the earliest cases of a sustained behavioral pattern that integrates two separate motor systems. Studies of human fetal activity have placed this phenomenon as early as 18 weeks menstrual age (Humphrey, 1968). The behavior remains prominent, appearing within the first hours after birth (Kravitz, Goldenberg, & Neyhus, 1978). According to Korner and her associates (Korner & Beason, 1972; Korner, Church, & Dontchos, 1968;Korner & Kraemer, 1972), it occurs up to 20% of the time in awake infants lying prone or on their sides.Hand-mouth integration changes developmentally, coming under the control of perceptual systems by 5 months of age when infants start to reach for (Hofsten, 1979(Hofsten, , 1982, then to grasp (Yonas & Granrud, 1985), and finally to bring objects to the mouth (Piaget, 1952;Rochat, 1985;Ruff, 1984; see Gibson & Spelke, 1983, for review). The transitional phases between the early behavior that is independent of eye-hand coordination and the later aspects that integrate reaching and grasping have not been identified or analyzed in any systematic fashion.The early expression of hand-mouth contact, its increased frequency during the pregrasping and prereaching months, its expansion during the period when all grasped objects are brought into the mouth, and its eventual contraction to actions supporting ingestive behavior reflect changing elements of control among integrated perceptual, motor, and affective systems. 963brought to-the mouth, could reveal some of the characteristics of perceptual and affective systems determining gustatory and haptic identification of objects, motivational systems concerning ingestive behaviors, and those concerned with affect. The eventual smoothing of hand-to-mouth actions and the ultimate ability to substitute one motor pattern for another (reflecting the initial position of the limb, its relationship with the body, and the characteristics of the grasped object) in the service of bringing an object to the mouth is of interest to students of mo...

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Opioids, Behavior, and Learning in Mammalian Development

Cited by 36 publications

References 122 publications

The biphasic effect of morphine on odor conditioning in neonatal rats

The biphasic effect of morphine on odor conditioning in neonatal rats

Effects of amniotic fluid on opioid activity and fetal responses to chemosensory stimuli

Sensorimotor and motivational determinants of hand-mouth coordination in 1-3-day-old human infants.

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