Opioids and HIV/HCV Infection

Wang, Xu; Zhang, Ting; Ho, Wen‐Zhe

doi:10.1007/s11481-011-9296-1

Cited by 51 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 187 publications

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“…Third, evidence suggests long-term opioid abuse is immunosuppressive in the periphery [232-234]. Long-term opioid administration increases one’s susceptibility to bacterial infection, viral progression, and likelihood of death following infection [235-237]. These findings highlight an alarming relationship between long-term opioid use, immunosuppression, and death.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Biomarkers of the Neuroimmune System among Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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There is tremendous interest in the role of the neuroimmune system and inflammatory processes in substance use disorders (SUDs). Imaging biomarkers of the neuroimmune system in vivo provide a vital translational bridge between preclinical and clinical research. Herein, we examine two imaging techniques that measure putative indices of the neuroimmune system and review their application among SUDs. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 18 kDa translocator protein availability is a marker associated with microglia. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantification of myo-inositol levels is a putative glial marker found in astrocytes. Neuroinflammatory responses are initiated and maintained by microglia and astrocytes, and thus represent important imaging markers. The goal of this review is to summarize neuroimaging findings from the substance use literature that report data using these markers and discuss possible mechanisms of action. The extant literature indicates abused substances exert diverse and complex neuroimmune effects. Moreover, drug effects may change across addiction stages, i.e. the neuroimmune effects of acute drug administration may differ from chronic use. This burgeoning field has considerable potential to improve our understanding and treatment of SUDs. Future research is needed to determine how targeting the neuroimmune system may improve treatment outcomes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Biomarkers of the Neuroimmune System among Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate altered T cell subset distribution ( + T cell and macrophage shifts in response to opioid exposure (3,33) and in vitro studies have found opioids to have additional effects that lead to an increase in the expression of the HIV coreceptor CCR5 (19,24,32,33). The increased CD38 and or HLA-DR, together with the differences in the multiple cell populations of the PWID found in the present study, could be explained by various factors, such as the abiotic substances injected, to an individual's systemic circulation, an unproductive infection with HIV, or the two hepatitis viruses (4,21,25,26).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The median age of the 88 PWID was 30 years old (IQR 25-33) and for controls 29 years old (IQR [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Of the PWID and controls, 72 (82%) and 39 (83%), respectively, were male.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cell Distribution in Relation to HIV/HBV/HCV Coinfections and Intravenous Drug Use

et al. 2016

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Intravenous drug use (IDU) is one of the most important transmission routes for blood borne viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). These infections alter the subset distributions of T cells; however, knowledge of such effects during HIV, HBV, and or HCV coinfection is limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate any associations between T cell distribution and the presence of HIV, HBV, and HCV coinfections among persons who inject drugs (PWID). Blood samples from 88 Caucasian PWID (mean age 30; 82% male) and 47 age-matched subjects negative for all three infections (mean age of 29; 83% male) were analyzed. The T cell markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RA, CCR7, HLA-DR, and CCR5 were assessed using flow cytometry. Of the PWID, 40% were HIV+HBV+HCV+, 20% HBV+HCV+, 19% HCV+, and 13% negative for all three infections. The HIV+HBV+HCV+ PWID had lower percentages of CD4 + and higher percentages of CD8 + cells compared to triple negative PWID ( p < 0.001 in all cases). The only difference between HBV+HCV+ with triple negative PWID was the lower CD4 + cell percentages among the former (52.1% and 58.6%, p = 0.021). Triple negative PWID had higher immune activation and number of CCR5+ cells compared to the controls. We suggest that the altered T cell subset distribution among PWID is mainly triggered by HIV infection and or IDU, while HBV and or HCV seropositivity has minimal additional effects on CD4 + cell distribution.

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“…First, an increase in mortality rates compared to the general population is evident. Individuals are also put at risk of BBV through the practice of injecting drug use [43,44]. Misuse and diversion increase stigma and result in poor adherence to recommended treatment [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Misuse and Diversion of Opioid Substitution Treatment Medicines: Evidence Review and Expert Consensus

Reimer

Wright

Somaini³

et al. 2015

Eur Addict Res

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Background/Aims: Opioid substitution treatment (OST) improves outcomes in opioid dependence. However, controlled drugs used in treatment may be misused or diverted, resulting in negative treatment outcomes. This review defines a framework to assess the impact of misuse and diversion. Methods: A systematic review of published studies of misuse and diversion of OST medicines was completed; this evidence was paired with expert real-world experience to better understand the impact of misuse and diversion on the individual and on society. Results: Direct impact to the individual includes failure to progress in recovery and negative effects on health (overdose, health risks associated with injecting behaviour). Diversion of OST has impacts on a community that is beyond the intended OST recipient. The direct impact includes risk to others (unsupervised use; unintended exposure of children to diverted medication) and drug-related criminal behavior. The indirect impact includes the economic costs of untreated opioid dependence, crime and loss of productivity. Conclusion: While treatment for opioid dependence is essential and must be supported, it is vital to reduce misuse and diversion while ensuring the best possible care. Understanding the impact of OST misuse and diversion is key to defining strategies to address these issues.

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Opioids and HIV/HCV Infection

Cited by 51 publications

References 187 publications

Imaging Biomarkers of the Neuroimmune System among Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review

Imaging Biomarkers of the Neuroimmune System among Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review

T Cell Distribution in Relation to HIV/HBV/HCV Coinfections and Intravenous Drug Use

The Impact of Misuse and Diversion of Opioid Substitution Treatment Medicines: Evidence Review and Expert Consensus

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