Opioids

Duke‐Novakovski, Tanya

doi:10.1002/9781118999196.ch4

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 204 publications

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“…Natural opiates, i.e. codeine, are obtained from the poppy plant as alkaloids constituting a substance known as opium . The remaining opioids analyzed in this paper are either of synthetic or semisynthetic origin and metabolites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Laser-Generated Silver-109 Nanoparticles for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Illicit Drugs

Krupa,

Nizioł

2024

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Cannabinoids and opioids are the most prominently used drugs in the world, with fentanyl being the main cause of drug overdose-related deaths. Monitoring drug use in groups as well as in individuals is an important forensic concern. Analytical methods, such as mass spectrometry (MS), have been found most useful for the identification of drug abuse on a small and large scale. Pulsed fiber laser 2D galvoscanner laser-generated nanomaterial (PFL 2D GS LGN) was obtained from monoisotopic silver-109. Nanomaterial was used for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of selected illicit drug standards with standard highresolution reflectron-based time-of-flight MALDI apparatus. Δ 9 -THC, 11-OH-THC, 11-COOH-THC, fentanyl, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), heroin, tramadol, and methadone were chosen as test compounds. Illicit drugs were tested in a concentration range from 100 μg/mL to 10 pg/mL, equating to 50 μg to 50 fg per measurement spot. For all analyzed compounds, identification and quantification by silver-109-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) MS was possible, with uncommon [M + 109 Ag 3 ] + and [M − H] + ions present for certain structures. The results of the quantitative analysis of drugs using silver-109 PFL 2D GS LGN for LDI MS are presented. Laser-generated NPs are proven to be useful for the analysis of selected drugs, with exceptionally good results for fentanyl monitoring in a broad range of concentrations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Laser-Generated Silver-109 Nanoparticles for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Illicit Drugs

Krupa,

Nizioł

2024

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Methadone has a higher a nity for the -opioid receptors than morphine and is also antagonist at the Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptors as well as norepinephrine and a serotonin uptake inhibitor [3]. The appropriate routes for its administration in cats and dogs are intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous and, unlike morphine, methadone rarely induces emesis, which can be of value in patients with increased intraocular or intracranial pressure [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of premedication with methadone on intraocular pressure in dogs and cats

Delgado

Silva

Nunes

2021

Preprint

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Background: The effects of premedication agents on the ocular physiology should be thoroughly understood by the ophthalmic surgeon so that intraocular pressure (IOP) values are kept stable. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of methadone as a solo-agent of anaesthetic premedication on IOP in healthy dogs and cats.The study group included 60 clinically normal patients, 40 dogs and 20 cats. Ophthalmological examination, including baseline IOP (T0) of the subjects, was performed before methadone administration at a dosage of 0.2 mg kg-1. IOP variations were registered fifteen (T15) and thirty (T30) minutes later. IOP values were compared at each speciﬁc timepoint (T0, T15 and T30) using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and differences were considered signiﬁcant when P < 0.05. Results: The sedative effect of methadone did not affect the ocular globe or nictitating membrane position nor the menace response, dazzle reﬂex, corneal blink reﬂex or palpebral reflexes in any case. None of the animals studied presented with the secondary effects associated with opioids such as salivation, nausea, vomit, defecation, dysphoria or a clear modification of the respiratory pattern, The mean ± SD baseline (T0) and post-treatment (T15, T30) IOP values were, respectively, 16,8 ± 3,84 mmHg, 17,6 ± 3,01 mmHg and 16,1 ± 3,28 mmHg for dogs and 17,1 ± 3,31 mmHg, 16,6 ± 3,40 mmHg and 16,61 ± 2,81 for cats. There were no statistically significant differences between baseline and post-treatment values in dogs (p=0,107) or cats (p=0.077). Conclusions: The administration of methadone as a solo-agent of anaesthetic premedication at a dosage of 0.2 mg kg-1 did not cause significant changes on IOP values in dogs or cats. Methadone presented as a safe alternative for sedation, anaesthetic premedication or analgesia in ophthalmological patients since it did not interfere with IOP regulation.

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“…Opioids are considered the most effective drugs for controlling pain in mammals (Duke‐Novakovski, ). A number of active compounds have been used: the classical μ ‐opioid receptor (MOR) agonists (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessments of 10 mg/kg tramadol intramuscular injection in yellow‐bellied slider turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta)

Giorgi

Salvadori²,

Vito

et al. 2015

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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In reptiles, administration of opioid drugs has yielded unexpected results with respect to analgesia. The aims of this study were to assess the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties of tramadol and its active metabolite M1 and to evaluate the effect of the renal portal system on the PK/PD parameters in yellow-bellied slider turtles. Turtles (n = 19) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, according to a masked, single-dose, four-treatment, unpaired, four-period crossover design. Group A (n = 5) received a single i.m. dose of tramadol (50 mg/mL) at 10 mg/kg in the proximal hindlimb. Group B (n = 5) received the same i.m. dose but in the forelimb. Groups C (n = 5) and D (n = 4) received a single i.m. injection of saline (NaCl 0.9%) of equivalent volume to the volumes of tramadol injected in the hind- and forelimb, respectively. Groups were rotated (1-month washout period) until the completion of the crossover study. Tramadol plasma concentrations were evaluated by a validated HPLC-FL method. An infrared thermal stimulus was applied to the plantar surface of the turtles' hindlimbs to evaluate the thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). The two PK profiles of tramadol differed in the first 2 h following administration, but overlapped in the elimination phases. The metabolite M1 was formed in both the treatment groups, showing similar pharmacokinetic trends, although the amount of M1 was significantly higher (20%) in the hindlimb vs. forelimb group. Turtles given tramadol in the hind- and forelimb showed a significant increase in TWL over the periods of 0.5-48 and 8-48 h, respectively. The calculated % maximal possible response (% MPR) was low (about 24%). The PK/PD correlations between M1 plasma concentrations vs. % MPR appeared to show a counterclockwise hysteresis loop shape.

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Opioids

Cited by 4 publications

References 204 publications

Fiber Laser-Generated Silver-109 Nanoparticles for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Illicit Drugs

Fiber Laser-Generated Silver-109 Nanoparticles for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Illicit Drugs

The effects of premedication with methadone on intraocular pressure in dogs and cats

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessments of 10 mg/kg tramadol intramuscular injection in yellow‐bellied slider turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta)

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