In this study we investigated the mechanisms responsible for MAP kinase ERK1/2 activation following agonist activation of endogenous mu opioid receptors (MOR) normally expressed in cultured striatal neurons. Treatment with the MOR agonist fentanyl caused significant activation of ERK1/2 in neurons derived from wild type mice. Fentanyl effects were blocked by the opioid antagonist naloxone and were not evident in neurons derived from MOR knock-out (؊/؊) mice. In contrast, ERK1/2 activation by fentanyl was not evident in neurons from GRK3 ؊/؊ mice or neurons pretreated with small inhibitory RNA for arrestin3. Consistent with this observation, treatment with the opiate morphine (which is less able to activate arrestin) did not elicit ERK1/2 activation in wild type neurons; however, transfection of arrestin3-(R170E) (a dominant positive form of arrestin that does not require receptor phosphorylation for activation) enabled morphine activation of ERK1/2. In addition, activation of ERK1/2 by fentanyl and morphine was rescued in GRK3 ؊/؊ neurons following transfection with dominant positive arrestin3-(R170E). The activation of ERK1/2 appeared to be selective as p38 MAP kinase activation was not increased by either fentanyl or morphine treatment in neurons from wild type, MOR ؊/؊ , or GRK3 ؊/؊ mice. In addition, U0126 (a selective inhibitor of MEK kinase responsible for ERK phosphorylation) blocked ERK1/2 activation by fentanyl. These results support the hypothesis that MOR activation of ERK1/2 requires opioid receptor phosphorylation by GRK3 and association of arrestin3 to initiate the cascade resulting in ERK1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons.Opioid receptor activation results in both acute and longlasting changes in neuronal physiology. The mechanisms responsible for the acute changes include G␣ i/o and G␥ protein activation that increases potassium conductance, decreases calcium conductance, and results in presynaptic inhibition (1-3). The mechanisms responsible for the long lasting effects of opioids are less clear but may include changes in adenylyl cyclase activity and activation of mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK) 2 pathways (4, 5). In this study we used primary cultured neurons isolated from mouse striata to address the mechanisms linking mu opioid receptor (MOR) activation to the phosphorylation and activation of the extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) members of the MAPK family. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by GPCRs involves growth factor receptor transactivation (4). As demonstrated for the -adrenergic receptor, participation of arrestin is an integral part of GPCR signaling through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in transfected HEK293 cells (6). Following agonist activation of MOR, the receptor becomes phosphorylated by G-protein receptor kinase (GRK), which initiates an arrestin-dependent desensitization process that involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis (7). The opioid activation of ERK1/2 by MOR agonist (D-Ala 2 ,Me-Phe 4 ,Gly-ol5) (DAMGO) was demonstrated in MOR-transfected c...