Opiates, endorphins and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography

Zagon, Ian S.; McLaughlin, Patricia J.; Weaver, Dixi J.; Zagon, Eileen

doi:10.1016/0149-7634(82)90027-6

Cited by 51 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 569 publications

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“…25 '26 Indeed, protein synthesis is reduced in neonatal mice by methadone treatment, 1° and morphine exposure during perinatal period reduces body and brain development 7 and strongly alters dendrite formation) 6 These effects are justified by a dual condition, one is that binding studies have shown early development of opiate receptors present in several brain areas of newborn rats at concentrations close to the adult situation 16 and the other is that opiates diffuse from the mother's blood stream to the fetus's brain without apparent difficulties. 27 The "opiate foetal syndrome" is often found in children of mothers addicted to opiates. The incidence of opiate foetal syndrome is increasing at a greater rate than other neonatal problems, such as cancer and Down's syndrome or damage caused by alcohol.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of opiate foetal syndrome is increasing at a greater rate than other neonatal problems, such as cancer and Down's syndrome or damage caused by alcohol. 27 No clear molecular or cellular clues are available for understanding such a problem. In search of a mechanism which might correlate the involvement of opioids with the interventions of normal neural development, we have examined peptide development in the striatum of perinatally morphine exposed rats since it was reported that naltrexone pellets caused increased met-enkephalin content in the striatum of adult rats.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perinatal morphine exposure alters peptidergic development in the striatum

Tenconi

Donadoni

Finco

et al. 1992

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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It has been reported that perinatal exposure to opiates affects mRNA synthesis, body growth and brain development in mammals, including humans. We have observed that morphine administration in drinking water during the perinatal period alters peptide development in the striatum of the rat. There is a marked increase in substance P and met-enkephalin content, the latter is maintained even at 30 days postnatally. The transient increase or earlier maturation of substance P content is correlated by a more precocious axon terminal organization as revealed by immunocytochemical staining. The increased metenkephalin content is correlated by a higher abundance of preproenkephalin A mRNA and this correlation is particularly evident at 15 days postnatally. At earlier times both northern blotting and in situ hybridization techniques fail to show any significant difference between control and morphine exposed rats, likely because the peptide content is not very different in the two groups or at least the gap is not as wide as at later times.

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Perinatal morphine exposure alters peptidergic development in the striatum

Tenconi

Donadoni

Finco

et al. 1992

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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“…Principles of opiate receptor ontogeny in the human are based on a few reports in the medical literature but extensive research in animals, especially rodents. In fact, the existence of "opioid" receptors was anticipated well in advance of the identification of the opiate ligand [for review, see La Gamma, 19841. In general, endogenous opiate receptor ontogeny follows a caudal to rostra1 maturational progression with considerable regional diversity [Kent, 1982;Kinney, 1990;Zagon, 1992;Loughlin and Leslie, 1993;Tempel, 1993;Zagon and McLaughlin, 19931. In addition, even the multiple forms of the wellrecognized opiate receptors mu, delta, and kappa show binding densities with significant regonal heterogeneity during development (Tables 1 and 2).…”

Section: Opioid Receptor Ontogeny In the Ratmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During development, these receptor types undergo marked changes in binding ( Fig. 1) [Zagon et al, 1992;Zagon and McLaughlin, 19931. The intense opioid receptor binding in the human neonatal cerebellum is most heavily concentrated in the external granular layer, a population of germinal cells.…”

Section: Opioid Ontogeny In the Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal exposure to opiates

DeCristofaro

LaGamma

1995

Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.

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Opiate use has been described for thousands of years. In this century, clinical features of the “neonatal abstinence syndrome” have been amply documented in the medical literature. Indeed, the abuse of “recreational” drugs continues at an alarming rate and results in a high number of adverse maternal‐fetal outcomes even as we near the end of the twentieth century. These consequences persist despite the myriad of medical advances that have resulted in the lowest perinatal mortality on record. The effects of opiate exposure on the developing fetus have been extensively described in the literature on animal research, in which neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities have been linked to brain region‐specific cellular and molecular findings. The human clinical literature clearly defines the symptoms, timing, and frequency of opiate withdrawal in infants exposed prenatally and documents treatment of withdrawal, which is dependent on the severity of symptoms. A panoply of similarities exist. The adverse complications of maternal opiate addiction during the human prenatal and postnatal period are most significant for the fetus and infant, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Other consequences include stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight, small head circumference at birth and during childhood, poor postnatal somatic growth, transient hypertonia, maladaptive responses to physiologic stresses of hypoxia and hypercarbia, and an increased rate of sudden infant death syndrome, as well as a variety of neurodevelopmental and cognitive delays. Although the factors relating to socioeconomic status, nutrition, and multisubstance abuse add to the challenges of acquiring reliable data, a vast amount of animal and human data suggest that opioids play a critical role in developmental processes that affect the vulnerability and plasticity of the immature brain. In addition, affected infants and children are subject to significant emotional, social, and environmental instability throughout their lives. This must certainly contribute to their neurobehavioral dysfunction. Regardless of these findings, opiates do not appear to have a specific teratogenic effect. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…7 The early appearance of opiate receptors may reflect the presence of endorphins and enkephalins early in development. 3"4"17"21" 37 We have proposed that the opioid system may play an important role in early neuronal growth and differentiation. Using the neural culture system we have been examining the effects of opiates on neuronal and glial growth and differentiation.…”

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Effects of opiates on the growth of neuron‐enriched cultures from chick embryonic brain

Sakellaridis

Mangoura

Vernadakis

1986

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Neuron-enriched cultures derived from 6-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were treated with morphine or methadone, 10(-5) M or 10(-6) M, on days 4-6 or 6-8 in culture and were evaluated morphologically and biochemically at day 9 using phase contrast microscopy and choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAT) as a cholinergic marker. The treatment of the cultures with morphine markedly affected their growth pattern; specifically, we observed an increased number of flat cells presumptively glia, and aggregates sided by flat cells and devoid of thick bundles of neuritic processes that normally characterize neuron-enriched cultures. These morphologic changes were reflected in a drastic decrease of ChAT activity in cultures treated from day 4 to day 6 but not from 6 to 8. In contrast to morphine, exposure to 10(-6) M methadone from day 4 to day 6 resulted in reduced ChAT activity but the growth pattern of the cultures remained morphologically intact. We suggest that morphine exerts a general neurotoxic effect whereas methadone may affect some specific cholinergic function.

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Opiates, endorphins and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography

Cited by 51 publications

References 569 publications

Perinatal morphine exposure alters peptidergic development in the striatum

Perinatal morphine exposure alters peptidergic development in the striatum

Prenatal exposure to opiates

Effects of opiates on the growth of neuron‐enriched cultures from chick embryonic brain

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