Ophthalmic manifestations of novel coronaviruses: precautionary measures and diagnostic possibilities

Konjevoda, Suzana; Čanović, Samir; Paštar, Zrinjka; Tabain, Irena; Savić, Vladimir; Barbić, Ljubo; Dželalija, Boris; Vukojević, Katarina; Stevanović, Vladimir; Mardesic, Snjezana; Kosović, Ivona; Vilibić-Čavlek, Tatjana

doi:10.7189/jogh.10.010340

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Ljudsko oko ima vlastiti intraokularni RAS sustav te je ACE 2 receptor identificiran u očnoj vodici, rožnici i spojnici, što sugerira na to da površinsko tkivo oka, također, može biti potencijalno ciljno tkivo za infekciju [9,10] . Izolaciju SARS-CoV-2 iz suza treba uzeti u razmatranje kao dodatan dijagnostički alat jer je uzorkovanje suza jednostavno i lako ponovljivo [11] . Međutim, u studijama se odsustvo detekcije virusa u suzama i očnim sekretima u inficiranih osoba objašnjava mogućnošću lažno negativnih rezulta testiranja, niskom koncentracijom virusa u uzorku, odabirom različitih dijagnostičkih metoda, kao i vremenskim odmakom uzorkovanja jer je veća koncentracija virusa prisutna u ranijim stadijima infekcije [6,11] .…”

Section: Patogeneza Sars-cov-2 I Okounclassified

“…Izolaciju SARS-CoV-2 iz suza treba uzeti u razmatranje kao dodatan dijagnostički alat jer je uzorkovanje suza jednostavno i lako ponovljivo [11] . Međutim, u studijama se odsustvo detekcije virusa u suzama i očnim sekretima u inficiranih osoba objašnjava mogućnošću lažno negativnih rezulta testiranja, niskom koncentracijom virusa u uzorku, odabirom različitih dijagnostičkih metoda, kao i vremenskim odmakom uzorkovanja jer je veća koncentracija virusa prisutna u ranijim stadijima infekcije [6,11] . Mogućnost prisutnosti SARS-CoV-2 u očnim sekretima naglašava potrebu i za odgovarajućim mjerama opreza kako bi se spriječio prijenos zaraze putem očnih sekreta [12,13] .…”

Section: Patogeneza Sars-cov-2 I Okounclassified

“…Među zaraženim zdravstvenim djelatnicima iz kineskog grada Wuhana, gdje je pandemija i počela, su i tri oftalmologa. Pretpostavlja se kako se oftalmolog Li Wenliang zarazio tijekom pregleda asimptomatskog bolesnika s glaukomom te razvio težak oblik bolesti s posljedičnim smrtnim ishodom [11] . Upravo je on bio prva osoba koja je upozorila javnost na pojavu ove nove bolesti, no u početku neuspješno.…”

Section: Specifične Preporuke Za Obavljanje Oftalmološke Djelatnosti unclassified

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Ophthalmological aspects of COVID-19

Gaćina¹,

Vukojević²,

Petriček

et al. 2020

Infektol. glas. (Online)

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Posljednjih se mjeseci suočavamo s pandemijom uzrokovanom novim, izuzetno zaraznim virusom, koja je izazvala globalnu zdravstvenu krizu. Svjetska je zdravstvena organizacija virus nazvala SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-coronavirus-2), a bolest koju uzrokuje COVID-19 (engl. coronavirus disease-2019). Primarni način prenošenja SARS-CoV-2 je primarnim kontaktom i kapljičnim putem. Čini se kako postoji mogućnost prijenosa virusa i zaraženom površinom oka i sekretima. Tijekom kliničkog pregleda neizbježan je blizak kontakt oftalmologa s bolesnicima, što može predstavljati rizik od prijenosa infekcije. Iako konjunktivitis nije uobičajeni znak COVID-19, postoje izvještaji koji govore o mogućim okularnim manifestacijama bolesti. Stoga se naglašava važnost primjene preventivnih mjera radi kontrole širenja zaraze za oftalmologe, ostale zdravstvene djelatnike i bolesnike tijekom oftalmološkog pregleda. Objavljujemo najnovije podatke iz literature i smjernice za oftalmološku djelatnost te iznosimo naše iskustvo s Klinike za očne bolesti Kliničkog bolničkog centra Zagreb tijekom epidemije SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Patogeneza Sars-cov-2 I Okounclassified

Section: Specifične Preporuke Za Obavljanje Oftalmološke Djelatnosti unclassified

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Ophthalmological aspects of COVID-19

Gaćina¹,

Vukojević²,

Petriček

et al. 2020

Infektol. glas. (Online)

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“…Person-to-person SARS-CoV-2 transmission is thought to occur among close contacts mainly via respiratory droplets [2] . However, other routes of transmission including feco-oral [3] and through eye secretions are also suggested [4] . Clinical spectrum of COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal pneumonia [5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Vilibić-Čavlek

Barbić

Savić

et al. 2020

Infektol. glas. (Online)

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The most important use of serology in the COVID-19 diagnostics is for determination of the extent of disease in the population. However, immunoassays could represent an additional diagnostic method, especially in patients with exposure history and clinical symptoms compatible with COVID-19 who failed to be confirmed by RT-PCR. We analyzed the preliminary results of six serology tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Three point-of-care lateral flow chromatographic immunoassays (POC): ACRO, AMP and ENCODE and three enzyme immunoassays (ELISA): DiaPro, Vircell and Euroimmun were used. A total of 15 serum samples from COVID-19 patients and 15 serum samples from asymptomatic persons were tested. Time of sampling for COVID-19 patients was 4 – 10 days (N=4), 11 – 19 days (N=6) and 20 – 34 days (N=5) after disease onset. Initially reactive results were confirmed using a virus neutralization test (VNT). In COVID-19 patients (N=15), IgM/IgA positive detection rates were 9/60.0% (ACRO), 11/73.3% (AMP, ENCODE, Euroimmun), 12/80.0% (DiaPro) and 13/86.6% (Vircell). Overall IgG detection rates were 10//66.6% (AMP, Euroimmun) and 11/73.3% (other tests). According to the sampling time, positive detection rates were as follows: a) days 4 – 10: 1/25.0% and 2/50.0% (IgM/IgA and IgG); b) days 11 –19: 4/66.6%-6/100% (IgM/IgA), 4/66.6% and 5/83.3% (IgG); c) days 20 – 34: 4/80.0% and 5/100% (IgM/IgA), 5/100% (IgG). One asymptomatic participant tested IgM/IgA positive using ACRO, DiaPro and Vircell was confirmed seropositive using a VNT. In a group of asymptomatic persons detected seronegative using a VNT (N=14), IgM/IgA negative detection rates were 12/85.7% (ACRO), 13/92.8% (DiaPro, Vircell) and 14/100% (AMP, ENCODE, Euroimmun). IgG negative detection rates were 13/92.8% (ACRO) and 14/100% (other tests). ELISA tests showed a higher overall IgM/IgA sensitivity compared to POC tests in patients with COVID-19, while the IgG sensitivity was similar in both POC and ELISA.

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“…Следовательно, вероятность заразиться SARS-CoV-2 во время офтальмологического приема очень высока, что требует от специалистов знаний симптомов коронавирусной инфекции для предупреждения передачи вируса от одного лица к другому. В литературе представлены случаи манифестации коронавирусной инфекции внелегочными проявлениями, включая конъюнктивит, и это указывает на возможность передачи вируса аэрозольным путем при контакте с конъюнктивальной поверхностью [2].…”

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Ophthalmological aspects of coronavirus infections

Нероев

Киселева

Eliseeva

2021

Rossijskij oftalʹmologičeskij žurnal

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The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CоV-2 virus, may lead to ocular diseases besides affecting the respiratory system. Cororonavirus infection may be transmitted not only through the respiratory system but also through the conjunctiva. The review article summarizes the data on the origin and variants of coronaviruses that infect humans, as well as on SARS-CоV-2 structures. Literature data on prospects of molecular diagnostics of the disease, coronavirus type detection methods, clinical sample types and duration of the disease before it is diagnosed are discussed. The data on the relationship between the coronavirus infection and conjunctivitis are given. Molecular tests of the tear and conjunctival swabs were used to diagnose the coronavirus infection independently of whether symptoms of ocular disorders were present. The real-time reverse-transcription of RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most informative method for diagnosis of SARS-CоV-2 in the early stage of COVID-19 (until the 9th day). The presence of SARS-CоV-2 in the tear fluid and conjunctival swabs indicates the need for safety measures to prevent virus transmission through the ocular surface, including protective goggles to be worn by healthcare workers. Since side effects in the eye may appear, COVID-19 patients with visual impairment who received etiotropic or pathogenetic treatment are advised to consult an ophthalmologist.

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Ophthalmic manifestations of novel coronaviruses: precautionary measures and diagnostic possibilities

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Ophthalmological aspects of COVID-19

Ophthalmological aspects of COVID-19

Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Ophthalmological aspects of coronavirus infections

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