Ophthalmic imaging for the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma: A review

Abstract

The last three decades have been a turning point for early glaucoma diagnosis and monitoring by newly developed imaging techniques. Improvements in imaging of the anterior segment (AS), retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), optic nerve head (ONH), and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) came into existence and broke new ground for early diagnosis and progression survey. This review will summarise the different ophthalmic imaging techniques, their principles, pros and cons, ongoing development processes, and the future of imaging methods. The aim is to provide the clinician with an understanding of the role of imaging methods and provide insight for appropriate use and evaluation of their outputs in glaucoma diagnosis and treatment.

Relative Flow Index as a Novel Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarker in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

“…GFI is an arbitrary measure of the volumetric flow in the angiogram and was derived by secondary image analysis using ImageJ software. Our results showed lower VD and GFIs in POAG, which was reported in other OCTA-based studies 12,18 . Lower VD and GFIs are explainable by progressive loss of RPCP, which represents the vascular component of RNFL neurovascular unit.…”

“…Our results showed lower VD and GFIs in POAG, which was reported in other OCTA-based studies. 12,18 Lower VD and GFIs are explainable by progressive loss of RPCP, which represents the vascular component of RNFL neurovascular unit. Therefore, VD and GFIs reflect GON severity based on the extent of RPCP loss, which, as demonstrated in the results, was strongly positively correlated to RNFLT.…”

The bright future for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology in rapidly changing times in scientific publication

“…Similarly, widespread availability of high-resolution retinal imaging devices has given us unprecedented opportunity to see histology in vivo and explore the basis of retinal and optic nerve alterations. [12][13][14] We aim to encourage submissions in these areas.…”

“…Publication of impactful research in this area and other refractive surgery should be encouraged in journals with a wide audience not only in journals specifically focused on that subspecialty area. Similarly, widespread availability of high‐resolution retinal imaging devices has given us unprecedented opportunity to see histology in vivo and explore the basis of retinal and optic nerve alterations 12–14 . We aim to encourage submissions in these areas.…”

Rates of Visual Field Change in Patients With Glaucoma and Healthy Individuals—Findings From a Median 25-Year Follow-up—Reply

“…Since our study commenced, there have been numerous iterations of imaging technology that preclude long-term analysis, in contrast to automated perimetry, which has remained relatively stable . Therefore, we were not able to perform a parallel analysis of structural changes in these cohorts.…”