Ophthalmic examination findings in a colony of Screech owls (<i>Megascops asio</i>)

Harris, Mira; Schorling, Jamie J.; Herring, Ian P.; Elvinger, François; Bright, P. R.; Pickett, J. Phillip

doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x

Cited by 91 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…In birds, the main cause of decreased tear production is neurogenic related to trauma and not to dry eye syndrome, unlike what occurs in dogs (Barsotti et al 2013). In a colony of screech owls (Megascops asio), low STT values have been described and correlated with a small or even absent orbital lacrimal gland (Harris et al 2008). Therefore, to establish a standard test for lacrimal assessment in birds can be difficult due to large anatomical and physiological differences in the tear production apparatus and lacrimal drainage between species (Smith et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rebound tonometer was designed for use in animals with small eyes and has recently been used in birds, such as bald eagle (21.5±1.7mm Hg) (Kuhn et al 2013), Megascops asio (11±1.9mm Hg) (Harris et al 2008), Spheniscus dermersus (31.77±3.3mm Hg) (Gonzalez-Alonso-Alegre et al 2015), Bubo bubo (10:45±1.64mm Hg) (Jeong et al 2007) and Phoenicopterus ruber ruber (9.5±1.7mm Hg) (Meekins et al 2015a). Rebound tonometer reference values overestimate IOP compared to applanation tonometry in Eurasian eagle owls (Jeong et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tear production and IOP measurements should be routine in the ocular examination (Williams 2012). Although the Schirmer tear test (STT), tonometry and conjunctival flora have been studied in birds (Harris et al 2008, Kern & Colitz 2013, there is a lack of normal values for Ara ararauna. This research aimed to stablish reference values for these ophthalmic tests for this species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

et al. 2017

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“…4,14,15 The wide range of normal STT values in avian species justifies the importance of determining baseline values for individual species and demonstrates the risk of extrapolating normal values from one species to another. 10 The mean STT values in the present study were 16.3 6 2.5 mm/1 min when measurements from both eyes were averaged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE VALUES FOR INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND SCHIRMER TEAR TEST IN CLINICALLY NORMAL OSTRICHES (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)

Ghaffari

Sabzevari²,

Vahedi³

et al. 2012

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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The purpose of this study was to establish normal physiologic reference values for intraocular pressure (IOP) and Schirmer tear test (STT) results in clinically normal ostriches (Struthio camelus). Twenty ostriches of both sexes, 10 juveniles (1.5-2 yr of age) and 10 adults, were included in this study. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed prior to this investigation. STT was performed by inserting a standard sterile STT strip over the ventral lid margin into the ventral conjunctival sac for 60 sec. Following the STT, IOP was measured using applanation tonometry with the Tono-Pen Vet TM tonometer after topical instillation of one drop of 0.5% proparacaine ophthalmic solution. The mean 6 SD and range of Tono-Pen readings of IOP for all birds was 18.8 6 3.5, with a range of 12-24. Mean IOP in juvenile ostriches was 19.7 6 3.6. Mean IOP in adult ostriches was 16.9 6 2.9. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P ¼ 0.07). The mean STT values in the present study were 16.3 6 2.5 mm/1 min when measurements from both eyes were averaged. Mean STT in juvenile and adult ostriches was 15.4 6 1.8 and 17.2 6 2.9 mm/1 min, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P ¼ 0.11). No statistically significant differences between genders were found for any of the results (P ! 0.41). In conclusion, this study provides normal reference range values for STT and IOP in clinically healthy ostriches.

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“…To our knowledge, there are no published reference values for normal IOP in western screech owls, therefore, the reference interval for normal eastern screech owls (Megascops asio) established using the TonoPen XL was used (reference interval 7-16 mm Hg). 2,3 The IOP was moderately elevated OS (37 mm Hg) but was normal OD (11 mm Hg). The ophthalmic diagnoses were anterior uveitis, ocular hypertension, and suspect pectenitis OS, along with retinitis OD.…”

Section: Clinical Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Management of Acute Ocular Hypertension in a Western Screech Owl (Megascops kennicottii)

Jayson¹,

Guzmán²,

Petritz³

et al. 2014

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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Ophthalmic examination findings in a colony of Screech owls (Megascops asio)

Abstract: This study reports ophthalmic examination findings in Screech owls, and provide means and ranges for various ocular measurements. This is the first report of rebound tonometry and PRT in owls.

Cited by 91 publications

References 15 publications

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE VALUES FOR INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND SCHIRMER TEAR TEST IN CLINICALLY NORMAL OSTRICHES (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)

Medical Management of Acute Ocular Hypertension in a Western Screech Owl (Megascops kennicottii)

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