Operator exposure from closed system loading and application of alachlor herbicide

Identification of human urinary metabolites of acetochlor in exposed herbicide applicators by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

“…Furthermore, these samples had little or no metolachlor mercapturate that could potentially lead to overestimation of total acetochlor metabolites because EMA can be derived from metolachlor metabolites as well as acetochlor metabolites. Total acetochlor metabolite concentrations in urine were estimated after a base hydrolysis under pressure to produce EMA using the preparation method of Cowell et al (1987). The þ APCI HPLC-MS/MS conditions used were those of Olsson et al (2004).…”

Identification of a Major Human Urinary Metabolite of Alachlor by LC-MS/MS

“…In these four urine samples, alachlor mercapturate ranged between 25% and 62% of the concentration of DEA, the hydrolysis product that probably almost all alachlor metabolites produce. Cowell et al (1987) analyzed in urine for DEA as well as for 2,6-hydroxyethylethylaniline (HEEA), which is the base hydrolysis product that results if a metabolite contains a hydroxylated ethyl sidechain; they found no HEEA.…”

“…The concentration of alachlor metabolites in these four samples were measured by a pressurized basic hydrolysis method, based on that of Cowell et al (1987), that converts alachlor metabolites to DEA. Urine (2 mL), 0.5 mL of methanol, and 2 mL of 50% sodium hydroxide in 13-mm x 100-mm Pyrex culture tubes with teflon-lined screw caps.…”

“…Human alachlor exposure has commonly been estimated by quantifying the hydrolysis product, 2,6-diethylaniline (DEA), of alachlor metabolites in urine (Cowell et al 1987). In this study we attempted to identify alachlor metabolites by using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze extracts of urine samples from subjects who were occupationally exposed to alachlor.…”

Quantitative Analysis of Alachlor Protein Adducts by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

“…Alachlor metabolism and the excretion of the metabolites in feces and urine occur rapidly. Kronenberg et al (6) have reported that rhesus monkeys eliminate 88% of a dermally absorbed dose of alachlor via their urine within 48 h. A variety of methods have been reported for assessing alachlor exposure in pesticide applicators using alachlor urinary metabolites (7,8). While urinary metabolites are attractive biomarkers due to ease of collection, the rapid elimination of alachlor urinary metabolites makes them suitable only as a biomarker for assessing recent exposures.…”