The traditional mode of cooperation between enterprises still suffers from major problems, including data privacy leakage, data falsification, and inefficient collaboration in data sharing. These challenges make it difficult for enterprises to ensure that their cooperative suppliers adopt sustainable practices in standards identification and operation processes. This paper proposes a “Value–Standard–Process” collaborative framework for blockchain-based enterprise data governance that helps ensure a high degree of data security, a high reliability of collaborative tasks, and a high transparency of value transformation. First, this paper proposes a new collaborative mode for blockchain-based manufacturing in the sharing economy, including the non-linear dynamic evaluation and value balancing mechanism of data with multiple attributes, a trusted data governance mechanism for blockchain-based manufacturing, and a smart contract generation mechanism for value-driven collaboration. Second, this paper explains these three components and the implementation of the overall framework. Third, this paper verifies the applicability and achievability of the proposed framework through experiments. Establishing the value-driven multi-level blockchain-based collaboration mode facilitates the effective flow of production factors and promotes trust in the digital economy of sustainability.