Operational Research of VRLA Battery

Research on Ultracapacitors in Hybrid Systems: Case Study

“…The engine cranking test was conducted in standard conditions (ambient temperature of 293 K). The advancement in battery technology has made the start-up of combustion engines in standard operating conditions an easy task, with batteries being cheap, effective, and relatively durable [40]. It is worth pointing out that operation in difficult conditions can occur as well, where The advancement in battery technology has made the start-up of combustion engines in standard operating conditions an easy task, with batteries being cheap, effective, and relatively durable [40].…”

“…The advancement in battery technology has made the start-up of combustion engines in standard operating conditions an easy task, with batteries being cheap, effective, and relatively durable [40]. It is worth pointing out that operation in difficult conditions can occur as well, where The advancement in battery technology has made the start-up of combustion engines in standard operating conditions an easy task, with batteries being cheap, effective, and relatively durable [40]. It is worth pointing out that operation in difficult conditions can occur as well, where the high cranking current causes an overly deep drop in battery voltage, a decrease in the power of the starter motor, and combustion engine start-up difficulties.…”

“…It is worth pointing out that operation in difficult conditions can occur as well, where the high cranking current causes an overly deep drop in battery voltage, a decrease in the power of the starter motor, and combustion engine start-up difficulties. Examples of such difficult conditions are low ambient temperature, long time gaps between engine operation phases, significant power draw from vehicle onboard electrical appliances (i.e., the dashboard), and in the case of vehicles featuring start-stop systems [13], high frequency of system operation (frequent combustion engine start-ups and short periods of battery charging-dynamic conditions that cause the battery to lose charge at a faster rate, decreasing the usable capacity and durability [40]). Additional drawbacks of batteries are self-discharge and difficulty in detecting the discharge point of the battery (often, full discharge occurs suddenly, with no warning [41]).…”

“…The reduction of costs related to the replacement of the battery (extension of the battery lifetime). In the considered system, the ultracapacitor takes over the larger part of the load, which means the battery is not loaded with high current values (maximal current values are not exceeded), which directly influences the extension of the battery lifetime [40]. A disadvantage of this system is: • Self-discharge.…”

Comparison of NARX and Dual Polarization Models for Estimation of the VRLA Battery Charging/Discharging Dynamics in Pulse Cycle

“…Currently, on the Polish market, the price for 1 kWh for electrochemical batteries is within 60-150 euro/kWh [23][24][25][26] (e.g., lead-acid batteries or Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) batteries) and more than 300 euro/kWh (Li-ion battery) [26]. Due to this, VRLA AGM batteries have found a wide range of applications in the industry [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], e.g., in forklifts where VRLA batteries are used as ballast, in start-up of gas engines [27], Start and Stop systems in vehicles with conventional drivetrains [15] and cogeneration systems where the gas engines 2 of 28 have been employed [9], as well as other distributed energy generation systems and emergency power supply systems connected with auxiliary electricity generators (e.g., in hospitals).…”