Operational Regions of a Multi-Kite AWE System

Leuthold, Rachel; Schutter, Jochem De; Malz, Elena; Licitra, Giovanni; Gros, Sébastien; Diehl, Moritz

doi:10.23919/ecc.2018.8550199

Cited by 15 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In an optimal control problem (OCP), the decision variables define the concrete system behavior, which must be consistent with the modeled system dynamics -among other constraints -over the entire optimization period. An AWE OCP can seek to maximize the average system power (De Horn, Gros, & Diehl, 2013;Leuthold et al, 2018;Licitra, Koenemann, et al, 2019;Sternberg, Goit, Gros, Meyers, & Diehl, 2012); maximize the total energy generation (Aull, Stough, & Cohen, 2020;Canale, Fagiano, & Milanese, 2010;Fernandes, Tiago Paiva, & Fontes, 2019); reward robustness on safety-critical constraints (Houska & Diehl, 2010;Saraiva, De Lellis, & Trofino, 2014;; or meet some other target. Detailed information about numerical methods for the solution of OCPs can be found in (Betts, 2010;Biegler, 2010) or in (Rawlings, Mayne, & Diehl, 2017, Chapter 8).…”

Section: Optimal Control Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, (Licitra et al, 2016) specifically notes that performance predictions are highly sensitive to the applied tether drag model. For the sake of simplicity, many OCPs, e.g., (De Schutter et al, 2019;Leuthold et al, 2018;Malz, Hedenus, et al, 2020), model tethers as in-elastic, tensioned rods. This avoids the stiff dynamics that arise from elasticity and enables a straightforward tether drag estimation using known cylindrical-body coefficients.…”

Section: Some Open Modeling Questions In Awe Optimal Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This patented concept, while serving as the basis for multiple publications, was not ultimately experimentally deployed. It is worth noting, however, that several multi-kite setups are still under consideration in recent literature (see Bronnenmeyer, 2018;Leuthold, De Schutter, Bronnenmeyer, Gros, & Diehl, 2019;Leuthold et al, 2018;Leuthold, Gros, & Diehl, 2017) and through companies such as KiteSwarms. • The KiteGen carousel concept, whereby a group of soft kites drive a rotary generator on the ground, as introduced in Canale, Fagiano, Milanese, and Ippolito (2007), along with several other concepts that focus on driving a rotary generator through multiple airborne kites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Section: Optimal Control Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Some Open Modeling Questions In Awe Optimal Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electricity in the air: Insights from two decades of advanced control research and experimental flight testing of airborne wind energy systems

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“…In practice, the reference trajectories are optimized off-line for a specific range of wind speeds. We aim to operate the AWE systems in below-rated from regime, the so-called region II (Leuthold et al, 2018), where the harvested power increases with the wind speed, hence we generate a library of optimal trajectories (OTL) for a range of actuator-based wind speeds U D ∈ [5.0, 12.0] with an increment ∆U D = 0.25 m/s. Figure 3 shows the different trajectories computed for the range of wind speeds.…”

Section: Generation Of Reference Trajectoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-eddy simulation of airborne wind energy farms

Haas

Schutter

Diehl

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. The future utility-scale deployment of airborne wind energy technologies requires the development of large-scale multi-megawatt systems. This study aims at quantifying the interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and large-scale airborne wind energy systems operating in a farm. To that end, we present a virtual flight simulator combining large-eddy simulations to simulate turbulent flow conditions and optimal control techniques for flight-path generation and tracking. The two-way coupling between flow and system dynamics is achieved by implementing an actuator sector method that we pair to a model predictive controller. In this study, we consider ground-based power generation pumping-mode AWE systems (lift-mode AWES) and on-board power generation AWE systems (drag-mode AWES). For the lift-mode AWES, we additionally investigate different reel-out strategies to reduce the interaction between the tethered wing and its own wake. Further, we investigate AWE parks consisting of 25 systems organized in 5 rows of 5 systems. For both lift- and drag-mode archetypes, we consider a moderate park layout with a power density of 10 MW km−2 achieved at a rated wind speed of 12 m s−1. For the drag-mode AWES, an additional park with denser layout and power density of 28 MW km−2 is also considered. The model predictive controller achieves very satisfactory flight-path tracking despite the AWE systems operating in fully waked, turbulent flow conditions. Furthermore, we observe significant wake effects for the utility-scale AWE systems considered in the study. Wake-induced performance losses increase gradually through the downstream rows of systems and reach in the last row of the parks up to 17 % for the lift-mode AWE park and up to 25 % and 45 % for the moderate and dense drag-mode AWE parks, respectively. For an operation period of 60 minutes at a below-rated reference wind speed of 10 m s−1, the lift-mode AWE park generates about 84.4 MW of power, corresponding to 82.5 % of the power yield expected when AWE systems operate ideally and interaction with the ABL is negligible. For the drag-mode AWE parks, the moderate and dense layouts generate about 86.0 MW and 72.9 MW of power, respectively, corresponding to 89.2 % and 75.6 % of the ideal power yield.

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“…Upscaling of installed capacity per occupied area of land or sea may be implemented by staggering operational heights, thereby using AWE systems with a different tether length and inclination angles, and developing plantwide control strategies (Leuthold et al 2017(Leuthold et al , 2018.…”

Section: Upscalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Wind Energy

Weber

Marquis

Cooperman

et al. 2021

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This section briefly describes the way in which this report addresses the congressional request regarding focus and scope, the consideration of AWE in relation to traditional wind energy, and the approach taken to develop the report. Addressing the Congressional Request: Focus and ScopeThis report describes technical analyses of various aspects of AWE provided to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Energy Technologies Office to underpin DOE's response to the congressional request for a report on AWE in the Energy Act of 2020, which states:-Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report on the potential for, and technical viability of, airborne wind energy systems to provide a significant source of energy in the United States.

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Operational Regions of a Multi-Kite AWE System

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Electricity in the air: Insights from two decades of advanced control research and experimental flight testing of airborne wind energy systems

Electricity in the air: Insights from two decades of advanced control research and experimental flight testing of airborne wind energy systems

Large-eddy simulation of airborne wind energy farms

Airborne Wind Energy

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