Operational health physics training

Abstract

FOREWORD For many years the Radiation Safety Technician Training Manual, ANL-7291(affectionately referred to as the "Moe Handbook"), has provided the basis for technician training throughout the nuclear industry. Though a sound document, changes in radiation protection standards and measurement technology since its publication in the early 1970's suggested that a revision would be timely.Due to our keen interest in radiation protection training, the Office of Nuclear Safety, U.S. Department of Energy, was pleased to provide support for such a revision. The end result, Operational Health Physics Training, should provide a useful reference for applied health physicists and technician training courses for years to come.We want to express our sincere appreciation to Harold Moe for his dedicated efforts in the revision to this document. It is truly a contribution to the nuclear industry. 8-288-31 8-329-1 9-1 9-5 9-5 9-8 9-11 9-12 [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] 9-17 9-19 9-22 9-23 9-24 9-24 9-27 9-28 9-309-32 4. 5.Page 13-3 13-3 13-4 13-4 13-513-613-6 13-7 13-7 13-9 13-9 13-10 13-10 13-11 13-12 13-12 13-13 . . 15-11 15-12Factor.14-1 14-1 14-? 14-314-5 14-6 14-714-8 14-8 14-11 14-1314-15 14-15 14-1614-17 . 14-19 . .14-19 . .14-21 . 14-24. .14-28 14-29. .14-33. .14-35 1-9The neutron to proton ratio (n/p) varies from about 0. The velocity of a particle is a vector quantity in which both speed and direction must be specified. The magnitude of the velocity (that is, the speed) is given in m/s in the SI system. The acceleration of a particle is defined as the time rate of change of velocity.The force F which acts on a particle is defined in terms of the product of the acceleration a and the mass m of the object:F -ma. 1.3If the acceleration is constant, 1-12The unit of charge in the SI system is the coulomb (C Figure 1.4), a negative charge appears on one plate and an equal positive charge on the other plate. In the region between the plates, an electric field exists which will exert a force on a charge placed in the field. The field strength E is defined by the force exerted on a unit charge in the field: 1-13The term potential difference, symbolized by V, is defined as the work per unit charge done in moving a charge from one plate to the other:and W -Fd -Eqd 1.10bIf W is in joules and q in coulombs, then V will be in volts. Note that the electron field strength E may also be expressed by V/d (volts/m). This is a more commonly used designation.In the parallel-plate example, the electric field E is uniform, that is, the force on a charge in the field is constant, both in direction and eV, 1MeV -106 eV and 1 GeV -109 eV.As was pointed out earlier, the movement of a charged particle produces a current.One may say that a current is simply a flow of charge.This flow can occur between parallel plates connected to a battery (see Another factor which affects electron flow in a circuit is called resistance.The resistance in the circuit influences how much current will flow. George Ohm found that in many material...