“…When it comes to capital costs, on the basis of our analysis, we can propose certain qualitative trends. According to Global Water Intelligence, in a typical SWRO plant with capacity of 150,000 m 3 day À1 , the levelized capital cost today is about 0.20 $ per m 3 (excluding land) that 20% of this cost is due to piping,, pressure vessels and membranes [15,16]. So, with using of UPMs membrane, in a surface area similar to conventional membranes but with triple permeability, membranes can be reduced by up to 44%, in this situation the membranes would save on the order of 0.02 $ per m 3 in capital costs.…”