Operation paradigm of an all converter interfaced generation bulk power system

Market design for system security in low carbon electricity grids

“…For an overview, see Ramasubramanian, (2018). For more detailed analysis, see Ramasubramanian et al (2018).…”

Real‐time identification of electromechanical oscillations through dynamic mode decomposition

“…As discussed in several reports of this Technical group [4,9] as well as in several research papers [10][11][12][13], one emerging solution to the above-mentioned stability issues is the interconnection of DRESs to the utility grid via grid-forming converters [3]. The operation of grid-forming converters is fundamentally different compared to the conventional grid-following converters that are mainly used nowadays for the interconnection of DRESs [10,12]. Grid-following converters are controlled as current sources either in a grid-parallel mode or in a grid-supporting mode of operation.…”

“…Grid-following converters are controlled as current sources either in a grid-parallel mode or in a grid-supporting mode of operation. In the former, converters do not change their power injections with respect to grid changes [10]. Therefore, they cannot provide an inertial response to the power system.…”

“…Thus, to provide an inertial response, grid-supporting converters first need to measure grid frequency and then modify their active power injections accordingly. On the other hand, in the grid-forming mode converters are controlled as voltage sources, targeting to establish and maintain the grid voltage and frequency [10,12]. In this case, the power response of the converters is a direct consequence of network frequency perturbations.…”

“…Determination of the maximum inertial response: At this step, the DSO imposes all technical and operational constraints of the ADN. These constraints are expressed in (4), (5), (10) and (16) and refer to maximum network voltage and line current limits, to UC limitations and to temperature limits of converters, respectively. Once these constraints are specified, an OPF, expressed by (1)-(5), (10) and (16), is solved in Python using the minimise solver of Scipy library [31].…”