Operation of thermoelectric module in enforced regime

Thermoelectric cooler application in electronic cooling

“…The Joulean heating always decreases the cooling capacity and is proportional to the square of the electric current. The cooling capacity can be increased by either increasing T c , decreasing DT , or operating the TEC in the so-called enforced regime with DT < 0 [19]. For TEC operated in enforced regime, the heat conduction loss in Eq.…”