Operation and performance of a color image sensor with layered photodiodes

Gilblom, David L.; Yoo, Sang Keun; Ventura, Peter

doi:10.1117/12.498557

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The fi rst method within this grouping involves the direct measurement of red, green and blue by a single pixel, which is achieved by stacking color pixels in a three-layer arrangement (similar in many respects to the layers of a chemical emulsion color fi lm), as shown in Figure 2 e. The Foveon X3 direct image sensor [60][61][62] is based on this approach and has three pixel layers embedded in silicon. The approach is based on the fact that red, green, and blue light penetrate silicon to different depths, [ 42 ] thereby enabling an image sensor that essentially captures light of each of the colors in every pixel.…”

Section: Color Separation Obtained Within the Photoactive Layer (Groumentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Photodiodes: The Future of Full Color Detection and Image Sensing

et al. 2016

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Major growth in the image sensor market is largely as a result of the expansion of digital imaging into cameras, whether stand-alone or integrated within smart cellular phones or automotive vehicles. Applications in biomedicine, education, environmental monitoring, optical communications, pharmaceutics and machine vision are also driving the development of imaging technologies. Organic photodiodes (OPDs) are now being investigated for existing imaging technologies, as their properties make them interesting candidates for these applications. OPDs offer cheaper processing methods, devices that are light, flexible and compatible with large (or small) areas, and the ability to tune the photophysical and optoelectronic properties - both at a material and device level. Although the concept of OPDs has been around for some time, it is only relatively recently that significant progress has been made, with their performance now reaching the point that they are beginning to rival their inorganic counterparts in a number of performance criteria including the linear dynamic range, detectivity, and color selectivity. This review covers the progress made in the OPD field, describing their development as well as the challenges and opportunities.

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Section: Color Separation Obtained Within the Photoactive Layer (Groumentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Photodiodes: The Future of Full Color Detection and Image Sensing

et al. 2016

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“…In addition, charge accumulation times for both photodiodes are the same, as such, they are free from the temporal disparity problem. An expected drawback of the proposed APS is the increase of pixel size, which could be minimized by applying a stacked photodiode structure [19]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Sampling-Based CMOS Active Pixel Sensor with a Novel Correlated Double Sampling Circuit

Jo¹,

Bae²,

Jung³

et al. 2012

Journal of Sensor Science and Technology

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In this paper, we propose a 4-transistor active pixel sensor(APS) with a novel correlated double sampling(CDS) circuit for the purpose of extending dynamic range. Dual sampling techniques can overcome low-sensitivity and temporal disparity problems at low illumination. To accomplish this, two images are obtained at the same time using different sensitivities. The novel CDS circuit proposed in this paper contains MOS switches that make it possible for the capacitance of a conventional CDS circuit to function as a charge pump, so that the proposed APS exhibits an extended dynamic range as well as reduced noise. The designed circuit was fabricated by using 0.35 2-poly 4-metal standard CMOS technology and its characteristics have been evaluated.

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“…This sensor utilizes the depth of penetration of the electromagnetic spectrum into the silicon chip. Differently to DSLR Sensors with bayer pattern (each pixel has a filter = one single color), the FOVEON technology is able to store all components of visible light (red, green, blue) in one pixel (Gilblom et al 2003). This methodology lead to a very high contrast modulation capability which results in a very high image quality (Greiwe & Gehrke 2013).…”

Section: Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of Dem Generation From Uas Imagery

Greiwe

Gehrke

Spreckels

et al. 2013

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:Since a few years, micro UAS (unmanned aerial systems) with vertical take off and landing capabilities like quadro-or octocopter are used as sensor platform for Aerophotogrammetry. Since the restricted payload of micro UAS with a total weight up of 5 kg (payload only up to 1.5 kg), these systems are often equipped with small format cameras. These cameras can be classified as amateur cameras and it is often the case, that these systems do not meet the requirements of a geometric stable camera for photogrammetric measurement purposes. However, once equipped with a suitable camera system, an UAS is an interesting alternative to expensive manned flights for small areas. The operating flight height of the above described UAS is about 50 up to 150 meters above ground level. This low flight height lead on the one hand to a very high spatial resolution of the aerial imagery. Depending on the cameras focal length and the sensor's pixel size, the ground sampling distance (GSD) is usually about 1 up to 5 cm. This high resolution is useful especially for the automatic generation of homologous tie-points, which are a precondition for the image alignment (bundle block adjustment). On the other hand, the image scale depends on the object's height and the UAV operating height. Objects like mine heaps or construction sites show high variations of the object's height. As a result, operating the UAS with a constant flying height will lead to high variations in the image scale. For some processing approaches this will lead to problems e.g. the automatic tie-point generation in stereo image pairs. As precondition to all DEM generating approaches, first of all a geometric stable camera, sharp images are essentially. Well known calibration parameters are necessary for the bundle adjustment, to control the exterior orientations. It can be shown, that a simultaneous on site camera calibration may lead to misaligned aerial images. Also, the success rate of an automatic tie-point generation differs extremely between several photogrammetric software packages. In this article, the calibration results of a suitable camera system will be shown. For a small format consumer grade camera, the authors will give the proof of ability for photogrammetric measurements purposes. This includes the results of different processing approaches for DEM generation of environments showing high object height variations.

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Operation and performance of a color image sensor with layered photodiodes

Cited by 26 publications

References 3 publications

Organic Photodiodes: The Future of Full Color Detection and Image Sensing

Organic Photodiodes: The Future of Full Color Detection and Image Sensing

Dual Sampling-Based CMOS Active Pixel Sensor with a Novel Correlated Double Sampling Circuit

Aspects of Dem Generation From Uas Imagery

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