Operant conditioning, extinction, and periodic reinforcement in relation to concentration of sucrose used as reinforcing agent.

Guttman, Norman

doi:10.1037/h0061893

Cited by 200 publications

(148 citation statements)

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“…Neither hypothesis seems applicable to the present data, which were obtained with stimulation of constant current and pulse number, and with variableinterval reinforcement which precluded massing of stimulation. Instead, the behavior seems reminiscent of sucrose preference functions estimated from intake (e.g., Emits & Corbit, 1973) or from response rates (e.g., Collier & Siskel, 1959;Guttman, 1953), where there is little evidence for an aversive component as the cause of the descending limb.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulse-frequency analysis of septal and hypothalamic reinforcement effects

et al. 1979

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulse-frequency analysis of septal and hypothalamic reinforcement effects

et al. 1979

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“…Guttman (1953) demonstrated the incentive effect with an appetitive reinforcer. As the concentration of sucrose in a constant-volume liquid reinforcer was increased, response rate increased.…”

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“…The present work determines the role of "incentive" in thermally motivated behavior. Incentive is usually identified as an increase in response strength associated with an increase in reinforcement magnitude (Crespi, 1942;Zeaman, 1949;Guttman, 1953).In the thermal equivalent of the reinforcement procedure, a rat is trained to press a bar to terminate a stressful "drive" condition and replace it with a stress-reducing "reinforcer." The reinforcer is terminated automatically and replaced by the drive condition for the next trial.…”

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An incentive effect in thermally motivated behavior

Matthews

Pinsky

Strax

1974

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Three shaved adult male albino rats were trained to press a lever to replace a hot air drive condition (50°C) with either a small reinforcer (32°C) or a large reinforcer (14°C). Following the 10-sec reinforcer, the drive condition was either reinstated immediately (no delay) or after a 15-sec exposure to the drive temperature, during which the bar was withdrawn (delay). Response rate during the no-delay procedure was faster for the small reinforcer than for the large. This relation reversed during the delay procedure. The former observation is similar to a satiation effect and the latter resembles an incentive effect.The effects of thermal stimuli on instrumental behavior have been investigated primarily by students of physiological regulatory systems. Consequently, many traditional questions about the behavioral properties of motivational events have not been asked about thermal stimuli. The present work determines the role of "incentive" in thermally motivated behavior. Incentive is usually identified as an increase in response strength associated with an increase in reinforcement magnitude (Crespi, 1942;Zeaman, 1949;Guttman, 1953).In the thermal equivalent of the reinforcement procedure, a rat is trained to press a bar to terminate a stressful "drive" condition and replace it with a stress-reducing "reinforcer." The reinforcer is terminated automatically and replaced by the drive condition for the next trial. The drive and reinforcer are defined here as stimulus values and not as intervening variables such as thermal stress. Although it might seem that thennal stress could be quantitatively defined as the internal temperature of the animal, it is lamentably true that internal temperature is actually a temperature gradient. A temperature drop of 5°C occurs between the core, which is relatively invariant, and the skin, which is strongly affected by both air temperature and vasotone. The formulation of an internal index of stress requires a greater understanding of the physiology of heat transport than is currently available. For present purposes, it will suffice to specify treatments in terms of air temperature and assume that thermal stress is some function of air temperature.Th e motivational parameters of the thermal reinforcement procedure have been studied with unusually reliable results. As the intensity of either a hot or cold drive stimulus is increased, response rate

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“…Associated control and recording equipment was located in aseparate room. The sucrose mixtures were prepared from tap water and commerical sugar and are expressed in terms of percentage of sucrose by weight (Guttman, 1953). PROCEDURE The signal lights served as discriminative stimuli for the schedule components.…”

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Behavioral contrast resulting from a change in sucrose concentration

Griffin

Cooper

1971

Psychon Sci

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Three rats were trained to respond on a two-component multiple schedule, with identical variable-interval 1.5-min components for 32% sucrose reinforcement. Subsequent reduction in the sucrose concentration of reinforcement to 8% in one component resulted in positive behavioral contrast for two Ss. Response rate facilitation was observed in both components for the third S. SUBJECTS AND APP ARATUS The Ss were three male Holtzman albino rats, approximately 150 days old at the start of the experiment. They had received previous training in a two-compartment box under water deprivation 20 days before the start of the experiment. Throughout the experiment they were maintained at 80% (± 2%) of free-feeding body weight. The experimental space was a 20.32 x 33.66 x 31.75 cm wooden chamber equipped with a ventilation fan and white noise. The response panel contained a response bar, horizontally centered 11.43 cm above the chamber floor, and two solenoid-operated liquid dippers with 5.72-cm-diam apertures, the centers of which were 5.40 cm above the floor and 11.11 cm to either side of the response panel midline. The dipper cups held approximately 0.30 cc. Located 12.06 cm directly above each dipper was a 28-V dc signal light. During reinforcement, neither of these lights was on and illumination was provided by a 6-W 110-V ac light behind the appropriate dipper. A 28-V dc relay located behind the response panel provided response feedback. Associated control and recording equipment was located in aseparate room. The sucrose mixtures were prepared from tap water and commerical sugar and are expressed in terms of percentage of sucrose by weight (Guttman, 1953). PROCEDURE The signal lights served as discriminative stimuli for the schedule components. During the left component (L), the left signal light was on and responses were reinforced with presentation of the left dipper. Similarly, du ring the right component (R), the right light was on and the right dipper was operative. Reinforcement duration was always 5 sec. Following two sessions of training with continuous reinforcement, the mean interreinforcement intervat was i ncreased over approximately 13 sessions to 1.5 min, The baseline condition was a two-component multiple schedule, with VI 1.5-min schedules of reinforcement associated with each component. The components alternated every 3 min and were separated by a 2-sec timeout. During timeout and during reinforcement, responses were neither recorded nor produced response feedback and the component timers did not operate. These schedule parameters remained unaltered throughout the experiment. During the baseline condition, both dippers presented a 32% sucrose solution. This condition remained in effect until stable performance was observed (R1, 13 sessions; R2, 15 sessions; R3, 15 sessions). Stability was defined in terms of the difference between the mean response rate for six consecutive sessions and the mean rate for either the first or last three sessions. A difference of less than 3% of the si x-session mean was reg...

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Operant conditioning, extinction, and periodic reinforcement in relation to concentration of sucrose used as reinforcing agent.

Cited by 200 publications

References 20 publications

Pulse-frequency analysis of septal and hypothalamic reinforcement effects

Pulse-frequency analysis of septal and hypothalamic reinforcement effects

An incentive effect in thermally motivated behavior

Behavioral contrast resulting from a change in sucrose concentration

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