Operando Sodiation Mechanistic Study of a New Antimony-Based Intermetallic CoSb as a High-Performance Sodium-Ion Battery Anode

Abstract

Electrode materials based on antimony (Sb) are of growing interest because Sb achieves a balance between high capacity and good cycle performance in battery operation. The electrochemical performance of CoSb nanoparticles synthesized by a template-free assisted ball-milling method is reported for the first time. The first discharge (sodiation) profile is characterized by a gentle slope around 0.3 V. During subsequent electrochemical cycles, the reaction proceeds between 0.4 and 0.8 V. The obtained reversible capacity is 211 mAh/g. To get a mechanistic insight into the Na insertion into the CoSb lattice, suites of material analyses were performed in different stages of (dis)­charging. Upon sodiation, the formation of the Na3Sb phase was evidenced, which converts to elemental Na and Sb following a two-step alloying pathway upon desodiation. The local environment probed by various ex situ tools (diffraction, spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrochemical) hinted at the formation of an Sb-deficient CoSb1–x (Co4Sb) phase. The structural change was evident from the structural analysis, confirming the formation of Na metal. CoSb is by far the best among the most reported fluoroethylene-carbonate-free Sb intermetallic anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

Anchoring ultrafine CoP and CoSb nanoparticles into rich N-doped carbon nanofibers for efficient potassium storage

“…5c shows the CV curves of CoSb/NCF at a sweep speed of 0.1 mV s −1 . The reduction peaks at 0.01 and 0.58 V are related to the intercalation behavior of potassium ions in carbon and CoSb and the formation of SEI film [31]. Correspondingly, potassium ions are gradually…”

Na ion batteries: An India centric review

“… [ 108 , 109 ] 3. New anode and cathode material from antimony-based materials or by their composites Antimony-based material exhibits high capacity and cycling stability, a new plan with the sodium result in increased performance of Na ion batteries [ 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ] 4. Finding new polyionic cathode material The idea of finding polyanion cathode materials combining more than one kind of polyanion unit can show enhanced electrochemical properties.…”

Engineering Nanostructured Antimony-Based Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries

“…Instead, the synergistic effect induced by intermetallic phase, barrier layer or phase transformation would matter [120][121][122]. Sb-based intermetallics and alloys for SIBs would not be intensively discussed in this review, some important papers or literature reviews can be referred to [123][124][125][126]. In order to more directly compare the improvement degree of antimony based materials by different optimization schemes, we compared the structural optimization and functional coating methods of different antimony based materials, and Table 1 shows the comparison results.…”

“…Nowadays, metal chalcogenides, namely Sb 2 S 3 and Sb 2 Se 3 , have attracted considerable attention owing to their high specific capacity, semiconductivity property and intriguing layered structure for sodium storage [118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129]. Specifically, Sb 2 Se 3 as one of a V-VI binary semiconductor compound, has received a great deal of attention due to applications of its photovoltaic, thermoelectric and electrochemical properties.…”