Open space planning models: A review of approaches and methods

Maruani, Tseira; Amit-Cohen, Irit

doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.003

Cited by 226 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…One of open space design targets is attracting more people to enjoy the outdoor environment (Carr, 1993;Marcus, 1997;Gehl, 2011;Maruani, 2007). Most open spaces are based on a type of open space formed by streets and buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Open Space Design Study on the Basis of Microclimate and Spatial Behavior in Hot and Cold Weather Conditions in Downtown Area

Guo¹,

Setoguchi²,

Watanabe³

et al. 2018

MAS

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Microclimate in open space affected by the urban layouts and spatial forms plays an important role in the outdoor comfort, thus the outdoor activities based on the comfort sensation will directly affected by the microclimate. An outstanding open space should satisfy different requirements of outdoor activities and create relatively comfortable sensation.Most studies have been conducted on these relationships only above 0 Celsius degree. However, only few have focused on extreme situations in both hot and cold seasons. Therefore, from microclimate perspective, taking people's comfort and spatial behaviors as criterions, this research discussed how the open space forms affect microclimate, thus affect comfort sensation and spatial behaviors. The outcomes may provide some useful insights for planners and architects to understand the relationship among microclimate, open space and people.Results showed that microclimate obviously affected people's comfort. In hot season, shade and air-flow played crucial roles in outdoor comfort. People tend to stay outside in the shade and the area with higher air velocity. After sunset is popular period for outdoor activities. In cold season, at the same ambient temperature, lower air velocity raised the comfort level. Shade also had influences on comfort sensation but do not affect spatial behaviors significantly. This paper also proposes optimization design proposals of densely populated open space based on extreme microclimate and spatial behaviour.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Open Space Design Study on the Basis of Microclimate and Spatial Behavior in Hot and Cold Weather Conditions in Downtown Area

Guo¹,

Setoguchi²,

Watanabe³

et al. 2018

MAS

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“…Urban parks refer to the type of parks that have the maximum human interference with the natural environment and the highest level of accessibility for populations, commonly found within or adjacent to urban built up areas (Maruani and Amit-Cohen, 2007). Urban parks and green spaces offer a variety of economic, environmental and social function values (BedimoRung et al, 2005;Byrne and Wolch, 2009;Cohen et al, 2007;Ulrich and Addoms, 1981;Wolch et al, 2014), providing important space-filling elements in shaping the form and layout of cities (Batty and Longley, 1994;Davies et al, 2008;Longley et al, 1992).…”

Section: Urban Parks and Planning Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In planning practice, park planners use planning models as tools to achieve specific planning objectives. Each model has an identified focus in the planning of parks in cities (Maruani and Amit-Cohen, 2007). The rest of this section examines three park planning models to identify key criteria utilised to measure access to urban parks.…”

Section: Urban Parks and Planning Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Opportunities may arise in different instances, through land donation, demolitions, transformation of recycling sites and use of leftover space (Maruani and Amit-Cohen, 2007). A number of well-known parks have evolved based on this model (e.g., Central Park in New York City).…”

Section: Urban Parks and Planning Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its guiding principle is to provide a minimal amount of park per capita for a target population. The simplicity in operationalisation has led to the worldwide expansion of the model since being first introduced in the 19th century (Maruani and Amit-Cohen, 2007). And yet, the space standards model is now criticised for disregarding complex social and environmental systems, with this limitation addressed by the park system model that promotes a system approach towards urban park planning.…”

Section: Urban Parks and Planning Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rethinking planning for urban parks: accessibility, use and behaviour

Wang¹

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Public parks and green spaces are important health promoting facilities for urban dwellers, which can bring about improved health outcomes, diminished racial tensions and reduced public stress. Access to urban parks and green spaces is purported to be associated with the development of social capital, increased community wellbeing and inclusive neighbourhoods. It is within this context that recent decades have witnessed increasing efforts in measuring and modelling park accessibility in cities.Previous studies, however, found significant inconsistency between subjectively (perceived) and objectively (geographic) measured accessibility, indicating the need to examine existing conceptualisation of park accessibility, especially at the individual perceptual level.The accessibility concept has been developed as a multi-dimensional construct that requires a more adequate understanding about its influential factors and dimensions. Existing measures of accessibility have been limited to the concept's physical and temporal dimensions, leaving other relevant factors such as social conditions and personal constraints, including perceptions, largely unexplored. This research argues for the relevance of socio-personal factors to realistically assess accessibility to urban public parks. There is also a need to clarify how accessibility influences an individual's decision-making process that ultimately leads to human behaviour of park use or nonuse, as psychological study of behavioural intentions to use parks has rarely been investigated.Following a correlational research design and cross-sectional validation approach, this research was proposed to fill these knowledge gaps.The research involved both processes of model development and model validation. Two models were proposed in this study: an expanded theory of planned behavioural (TPB) model and an integrated model of park accessibility. The first model aims to identify the role of park accessibility in influencing individual behavioural intentions towards park use and non-use. The model was developed based on the theory of planned behaviour, with three additional variables included (i.e., perceived park accessibility, geographic proximity, and past use) to compare their relative importance in influencing park use intentions. The second model was proposed based on the critical literature review of the accessibility concept. The model consists of five dimensions, including both physical and socio-personal variables that were identified as being associated with urban park access and use.Both models were empirically tested using questionnaire survey data collected from two cities of different socio-cultural settings: Brisbane (Australia) and Zhongshan (China). Within each city, iii sampling was carefully designed to represent residents of different socioeconomic backgrounds with an aim of modelling the differences between population groups. Data were analysed quantitatively using statistical methods and spatial analytical techniques. Key findings from this study incl...

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