Open source genetics. Conceptual framework

Hope, Janet

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511581182.014

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…On the one hand, the advocacy of access is often described in terms of knowledge commons, or intellectual commons revolving around the successful management of common-pool resources (see Burk 2002 ;Boettiger and Burk 2004 ;Opderbeck 2004 ;Allarakhia and Wensley 2007 ;Overwalle 2009 ;Hope 2008Hope , 2009. This includes occasional references to enclosure in an historical analogy to Marx's description of the enclosure of the English commons (see Harvey 2011 ), for instance in James Boyle's 'second enclosure movement' and Christopher May's 'new enclosures' ( May 2000 ;Boyle 2003aBoyle , 2003bBoyle , 2008.…”

Section: The Transformation Of Global Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

Recoding Life

Tamminen¹,

Deibel²

2018

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This book addresses the unprecedented convergence between the digital and the corporeal in the life sciences and turns to Foucault's biopolitics in order to understand how life is being turned into a technological object. It examines a wide range of bioscientific knowledge practices that allow life to be known through codes that can be shared (copied), owned (claimed, and managed) and optimised (remade through codes based on standard language and biotech engineering visions). The book's approach is captured in the title, which refers to 'the biopolitical'. The authors argue that through discussions of political theories of sovereignty and related geopolitical conceptions of nature and society, we can understand how crucially important it is that life is constantly unsettling and disrupting the established and familiar ordering of the material world and the related ways of thinking and acting politically. The biopolitical dynamics involved are conceptualised as the 'metacode of life', which refers to the shifting configurations of living materiality and the merging of conventional boundaries between the natural and artificial, the living and non-living. The result is a globalising world in which the need for an alternative has become a core part of its political and legal instability, and the authors identify a number of possible alternative platforms to understand life and the living as framed by the 'metacodes' of life. This book will appeal to scholars of science and technology studies, as well as scholars of the sociology, philosophy, and anthropology of science, who are seeking to understand social and technical heterogeneity as a characteristic of the life sciences.

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Section: The Transformation Of Global Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

Recoding Life

Tamminen¹,

Deibel²

2018

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“…For example, her aim is to discuss the ‘generic open source principles and the realities of biotechnology research and development’ (ibid.). From this point of view, open source is a possible solution to what she calls an ‘innovation lock down’ – as a solution to this problem, she has proposed that ‘open source principles might be translated into a new context; that of biotechnology and its close industrial relations, pharmaceuticals and agriculture’ (Hope , 1, 18; see also Hope ).…”

Section: The Availability Of Dna In Any Formatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along with the notoriety of the restrictions on the usage of plants, a particularly heated topic of discussion revolves around the question of whether the patenting of DNA is discouraging innovation in the life sciences (see Heller ; Heller and Eisenberg ; Boyle ,b). There is no need to settle this question, however, when observing solely that the patenting of DNA has been accompanied by an extensive trading and cross‐licensing of patents, as well as the arrangement of open access in collaborative research projects, joint ventures, private consortia or public–private partnerships (see Burk ; Reichman and Uhlir ; Boettiger and Burk ; Hope , , ; Opderbeck ; Allarakhia and Wensley , 1486; Allarakhia ; Allarakhia and Wensley ; Overwalle ; Rai and Boyle ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Variety Rights: Rethinking the Commodification of Plants

Deibel¹

2012

Journal of Agrarian Change

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Open Variety Rights refer to the removal of the conditions attached to the usage of plants in agriculture, and to an analogy with open licensing in informatics that is notably different from the one that is taking shape at the intersection of the life sciences and informatics. This paper argues for the open licensing of plants as part of a response to the commodification of DNA; rather than a singular focus on farming or source code, this implies an analogy that aims at the removal of restrictions, whether as seeds, biodiversity, genetic sequences or DNA in informatics formats. First, the commodification of plants will be conceptualized. Second, the proposal for open licensing for varieties of crops will be discussed. Third, examples of the introduction of open licensing in the life sciences will be examined in relation to the potential to reformulate the definition of ‘openness’ to support those who wish to live and work with plants on their own terms.

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“…The core principles and objectives of open source must therefore be identified. Hope () lists three objectives of open source licensing: credible commitment, competition and optionally, copyleft. Credible commitment requires the technology to be protected by IPRs, so when distributed the license is legally enforceable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case where the licensor imposes requirements on the licensee, then the license is not open source. Finally, Hope () explains that in life science, copyleft is akin to grant‐back and reach‐through mechanisms also known as “passing it forward” (p. 183). In order for a license to be qualified as reciprocal or copyleft, the licensor must not retain rights to improvements to the original technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open models for patents: Giving patents a new lease on life?

Estèves

2017

World Intellectual Property

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This essay investigates the development of peculiar models in patents: “Open patent” licenses, patent pledges, defensive patent strategies and the like. Although using patents in an unconventional way, these models do not dispute the very existence of patents, but rather the way patents are being used. These models are not entirely new—some have been around for over a decade—but seem to find an echo with the growing criticisms of the “broken patent system”. These models might be able to go beyond the pro‐patent/against patent debate, by reconciling exclusive/inclusive mechanisms and eventually reveal the strong plasticity of patents, offering patents a new lease on life.

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Open source genetics. Conceptual framework

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Recoding Life

Recoding Life

Open Variety Rights: Rethinking the Commodification of Plants

Open models for patents: Giving patents a new lease on life?

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