Open gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensor: Sensitivity analysis and optimization

Pal, Praveen; Pratap, Yogesh; Gupta, Mridula; Kabra, Sneha

doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2021.106968

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Quantitative electrical detection provided by HEMT-based sensors appears to be the most promising solution for real-time and highly sensitive sensors. On that account, HEMT has been extensively studied to detect a variety of ions and biomolecules [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. The construction of HEMT biosensors is analogous to that of FET biosensors, where it basically has three terminals; source, drain, and gate.…”

Section: Heterojunction-based Hemt As Biosensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of AlGaN/GaN HEMT, the 2DEG is induced by piezoelectric polarization of the strained AlGaN layer together with spontaneous polarization of GaN and the AlGaN layer [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. In addition to its remarkable 2DEG with high carrier densities (~10 6 to 10 13 cm −2 ), HEMT sensors are also reported to have high saturation velocities of from 1.2 to 1.5 × 10 7 cm/s, and high electron mobilities from 1500 cm 2 V −1 s −1 to 8500 cm 2 V −1 s −1 [ 38 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Figure 1 a,b show AlGaN/GaN and AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT sensor device configurations, respectively.…”

Section: Heterojunction-based Hemt As Biosensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Essentially, the HEMT device is already sensitive even without any functionalization on the sensing surface [ 51 , 52 ], whereas the majority of FET biosensors require surface functionalization for sensing purposes [ 53 ]. Additionally, HEMT is a normally on operation device [ 38 ] and does not require a gate electrode to turn on, which contrasts with the conventional FET [ 39 , 40 ]. Therefore, the fact that the reference electrode is not a necessity becomes a significant benefit of using HEMTs, which are easier for device miniaturization and integration [ 41 ].…”

Section: Heterojunction-based Hemt As Biosensormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status and Prospects of Heterojunction-Based HEMT for Next-Generation Biosensors

et al. 2023

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High electron mobility transistor (HEMT) biosensors hold great potential for realizing label-free, real-time, and direct detection. Owing to their unique properties of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), HEMT biosensors have the ability to amplify current changes pertinent to potential changes with the introduction of any biomolecules, making them highly surface charge sensitive. This review discusses the recent advances in the use of AlGaN/GaN and AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT as biosensors in the context of different gate architectures. We describe the fundamental mechanisms underlying their operational functions, giving insight into crucial experiments as well as the necessary analysis and validation of data. Surface functionalization and biorecognition integrated into the HEMT gate structures, including self-assembly strategies, are also presented in this review, with relevant and promising applications discussed for ultra-sensitive biosensors. Obstacles and opportunities for possible optimization are also surveyed. Conclusively, future prospects for further development and applications are discussed. This review is instructive for researchers who are new to this field as well as being informative for those who work in related fields.

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Section: Heterojunction-based Hemt As Biosensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heterojunction-based Hemt As Biosensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heterojunction-based Hemt As Biosensormentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Status and Prospects of Heterojunction-Based HEMT for Next-Generation Biosensors

et al. 2023

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“…Moreover, some of the corresponding devices in such cases are nitride-based, providing a very good platform for the applications of surface acoustic waves as well (see also Section 2 ). Much of the research has been carried out recently analyzing sensitivity and optimizing nitride-based sensors (see, e.g., [ 330 ] and references therein). Among other things, this leads to the possibility of identifying specific cells at the molecular level for drug delivery, monitoring the development of particular places in the body, and applying novel nanosensor technology in biomedical, chemical, manufacturing, transportation, and environmental systems.…”

Section: Further Characteristics and Areas Of Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled Multiphysics Modelling of Sensors for Chemical, Biomedical, and Environmental Applications with Focus on Smart Materials and Low-Dimensional Nanostructures

Singh

Melnik

2022

Chemosensors

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Low-dimensional nanostructures have many advantages when used in sensors compared to the traditional bulk materials, in particular in their sensitivity and specificity. In such nanostructures, the motion of carriers can be confined from one, two, or all three spatial dimensions, leading to their unique properties. New advancements in nanosensors, based on low-dimensional nanostructures, permit their functioning at scales comparable with biological processes and natural systems, allowing their efficient functionalization with chemical and biological molecules. In this article, we provide details of such sensors, focusing on their several important classes, as well as the issues of their designs based on mathematical and computational models covering a range of scales. Such multiscale models require state-of-the-art techniques for their solutions, and we provide an overview of the associated numerical methodologies and approaches in this context. We emphasize the importance of accounting for coupling between different physical fields such as thermal, electromechanical, and magnetic, as well as of additional nonlinear and nonlocal effects which can be salient features of new applications and sensor designs. Our special attention is given to nanowires and nanotubes which are well suited for nanosensor designs and applications, being able to carry a double functionality, as transducers and the media to transmit the signal. One of the key properties of these nanostructures is an enhancement in sensitivity resulting from their high surface-to-volume ratio, which leads to their geometry-dependant properties. This dependency requires careful consideration at the modelling stage, and we provide further details on this issue. Another important class of sensors analyzed here is pertinent to sensor and actuator technologies based on smart materials. The modelling of such materials in their dynamics-enabled applications represents a significant challenge as we have to deal with strongly nonlinear coupled problems, accounting for dynamic interactions between different physical fields and microstructure evolution. Among other classes, important in novel sensor applications, we have given our special attention to heterostructures and nucleic acid based nanostructures. In terms of the application areas, we have focused on chemical and biomedical fields, as well as on green energy and environmentally-friendly technologies where the efficient designs and opportune deployments of sensors are both urgent and compelling.

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“…One of the most promising materials at the intersection of nano-electronics and nanomedicine is GaN, a wide-band-gap semiconductor compound widely used in lighting technologies and nano-opto-electronics. Properties like biocompatibility, 21 high thermal stability, chemical inertness, 22 and piezoelectricity 23 make it a very promising material for biomedical applications such as biosensor platforms for High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT) able to detect cancer markers, 24 biological molecules as cytochrome-c, biotin, 25 C3G proteins by antibody-antigen conjugation, 26 or other specific molecules. The specified biosensor platforms usually require the functionalization of the transistors gate by specific molecules which allows for selective detection of the target of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein-corona formation on aluminum doped zinc oxide and gallium nitride nanoparticles

Ciobanu

Roncari

Ceccone

et al. 2022

Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials

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The interaction of semiconductor nanoparticles with bio-molecules attracts increasing interest of researchers, considering the reactivity of nanoparticles and the possibility to control their properties remotely giving mechanical, thermal, or electrical stimulus to the surrounding bio-environment. This work reports on a systematic comparative study of the protein-corona formation on aluminum doped zinc oxide and gallium nitride nanoparticles. Bovine serum albumin was chosen as a protein model. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques have been used to demonstrate the formation of protein-corona as well as the stability of the colloidal suspension given by BSA, which also works as a surfactant. The protein adsorption on the NPs surface studied by Bradford Assay showed the dependence on the quantity of proteins adsorbed to the available sites on the NPs surface, thus the saturation was observed at ratio higher than 5:1 (NPs:Proteins) in case of ZnO, these correlating with DLS results. Moreover, the kinetics of the proteins showed a relatively fast adsorption on the NPs surface with a saturation curve after about 25 min. GaN NPs, however, showed a very small amount of proteins adsorbed on the surface, a change in the hydrodynamic size being not observable with DLS technique or differential centrifugal sedimentation. The Circular Dichroism analysis suggests a drastic structural change in the secondary structure of the BSA after attaching on the NPs surface. The ZnO nanoparticles adsorb a protein-corona, which does not protect them against dissolution, and in consequence, the material proved to be highly toxic for Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) at concentration above 25 µg/mL. In contrast, the GaN nanoparticles which do not adsorb a protein-corona, show no toxicity signs for HaCaT cells at concentration as high as 50 µg/mL, exhibiting much lower concentration of ions leakage in the culture medium as compared to ZnO nanoparticles.

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Open gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensor: Sensitivity analysis and optimization

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Status and Prospects of Heterojunction-Based HEMT for Next-Generation Biosensors

Status and Prospects of Heterojunction-Based HEMT for Next-Generation Biosensors

Coupled Multiphysics Modelling of Sensors for Chemical, Biomedical, and Environmental Applications with Focus on Smart Materials and Low-Dimensional Nanostructures

Protein-corona formation on aluminum doped zinc oxide and gallium nitride nanoparticles

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