Opacity of bovine cornea in vitro induced by surfactants and industrial chemicals compared with ocular irritancy in vivo

Muir, C.K.

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(85)90052-9

Cited by 48 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The Bovine Cornea Opacity Permeability (BCOP) assay was first developed by Gautheron et al (1992) based on methods originally described by Muir (1984Muir ( , 1985Muir ( , 1987 and Tchao (1988). The intact corneas of healthy animals are held between O-rings mounted over a (posterior) chamber; an anterior chamber is positioned above the Fig.…”

Section: Ex Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing

2015

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Given the hazardous nature of many materials and substances, ocular toxicity testing is required to evaluate the dangers associated with these substances after their exposure to the eye. Historically, animal tests such as the Draize test were exclusively used to determine the level of ocular toxicity by applying a test substance to a live rabbit's eye and evaluating the biological response. In recent years, legislation in many developed countries has been introduced to try to reduce animal testing and promote alternative techniques. These techniques include ex vivo tests on deceased animal tissue, computational models that use algorithms to apply existing data to new chemicals and in vitro assays based on two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) cell culture models. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in ocular toxicity testing techniques, and discuss the regulatory framework used to evaluate their suitability.

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Section: Ex Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing

2015

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“…Isolated, enucleated eyes (IEEs) from bovine, 44 porcine, 45 chicken 45 and rabbit 46 were used as potential models for alternative tests to Draize. The results obtained from the IEEs test correlated well with in vivo data.…”

Section: Isolated Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical appraisal of alternative irritation models: three decades of testing ophthalmic pharmaceuticals

Abdelkader

Pierscionek

Carew

et al. 2015

British Medical Bulletin

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This review provides a critical appraisal of the selected in vitro and ex vivo ocular toxicity models recommended by international regulatory bodies. These include cytotoxicity methods, biochemical systems and ex vivo assays. The latter are approved by ECVAM as in vitro alternatives for the well-known Draize test. Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane and the isolated rabbit eye test are also accepted by regulatory agencies in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. A combination of ex vivo assays along with histological examination of excised bovine cornea can predict the conjunctival and corneal tolerability and cover a wider range of ocular pharmaceutical substances.

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“…The BCOP assay is a modified organotypic model (i.e., isolated whole organ) in vitro eye irritation test method that uses isolated eyes from slaughtered cattle (Gautheron et al 1992; Muir 1985). The assay provides for short-term maintenance of normal physiological and biochemical function of the cornea in an isolated system.…”

Section: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (Bcop) Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, organotypic models have warranted sufficient interest as methods that maintain short-term normal physiological and biochemical function of the mammalian cornea in an isolated system (Barile 2007; Cooper et al 2001; Gettings et al 1996; Muir 1985). In these test methods, damage by the test substance is assessed by quantitative measurements of changes in corneal opacity and permeability using opacitometry and spectrophotometry, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating and troubleshooting ocular in vitro toxicology tests

Barile

2010

Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods

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In vitro organotypic models for testing ocular irritants have warranted sufficient interest as methods to replace in vivo ocular testing. The in vitro organotypic models claim to maintain short-term normal physiological and biochemical function of the mammalian cornea in an isolated system. In these test methods, damage by the test substance is assessed by quantitative measurements of changes in corneal opacity and permeability using opacitometry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Both measurements are used quantitatively for irritancy classification for prediction of the in vivo ocular irritation potential of a test substance. Examples of organotypic models that incorporate these criteria include: the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay, the isolated chicken eye (ICE) test method and the isolated rabbit eye (IRE) assay. A fourth method, the hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay, differs in the evaluation criteria but is also normally included among this class of in vitro protocols. Each of these protocols is discussed in detail as representative candidate in vitro methods for assessing ocular irritation and corrosion. The methodologies, protocol details, applications, and their validation status are discussed. A brief historical perspective of the development of original in vitro ocular testing models is also mentioned. More importantly, improvement and troubleshooting the current techniques, in order to present the models as stand-alone in vitro tools for ocular toxicity assessment, is emphasized.

show abstract

Opacity of bovine cornea in vitro induced by surfactants and industrial chemicals compared with ocular irritancy in vivo

Cited by 48 publications

References 9 publications

An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing

An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing

Critical appraisal of alternative irritation models: three decades of testing ophthalmic pharmaceuticals

Validating and troubleshooting ocular in vitro toxicology tests

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