OODT: Obstacle Aware Opportunistic Data Transmission for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract

In recent years, a large number of smart devices will be connected in Internet of Things (IoT) using an ad hoc network, which needs more frequency spectra. The cognitive radio (CR) technology can improve spectrum utilization in an opportunistic communication manner for IoT, forming a promising paradigm known as cognitive radio ad hoc networks, CRAHNs. However, dynamic spectrum availability and mobile devices/persons make it difficult to develop an efficient data transmission scheme for CRAHNs under an obstacle environment. Opportunistic routing can leverage the broadcast nature of wireless channels to enhance network performance. Inspired by this, in this paper, we propose an Obstacle aware Opportunistic Data Transmission scheme (OODT) in CRAHNs from a computational geometry perspective, considering energy efficiency and social features. In the proposed scheme, we exploit a new routing metric, which is based on an obstacle avoiding algorithm using a polygon boundary 1-searcher technology, and an auction model for selecting forwarding candidates. In addition, we prove that the candidate selection problem is NP-hard and propose a heuristic algorithm for candidate selection. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve better performance than existing schemes.

Opportunistic routing metrics: A timely one-stop tutorial survey

“…The ECOR metric is then used by an OR protocol, with the same name, to choose the primary and backup candidate sets, through an auction-modelbased selection strategy. The OODT [86] metric, while claimed to be a new one, is almost equivalent to the ECOR metric from the same authors a year earlier. The only discrepancy seems to be in their final weighting relationships in which the last proportionality looks more reasonable in the earlier version.…”

“…• Energy-aware Coded Opportunistic Routing (ECOR) [82], Obstacle aware Opportunistic Data Transmission (OODT) [86]: This metric is defined in the context of CR-SIoT from almost the same authors who introduced ETOR in eq. (106).…”

“…It is generally understood that OR is an efficient diversity technique to combat the unreliability of the wireless medium, particularly in multi-hop scenarios. Looking at the related literature, newly emerged OR metrics [78]- [86], recentlydevised opportunistic-based routing protocols [85], [87]- [98], extensive use of OR in new environments [4], networks [29] [5] and applications [79], and also the publication of recent OR surveys [99] [23] all point to the fact that OR and, certainly, OR metrics are still a very alive topic and of huge interest to wireless researchers, justify the timeliness of this survey. To justify the need for doing this survey, we proceed by summarizing the most relevant existing surveys in Table II.…”

Congestion Attack Detection in Intelligent Traffic Signal System: Combining Empirical and Analytical Methods

“…. , G r,0 max do (16) tG r,0 � i (17) tG r,1 � effectG r − tG r,0 (18) if tG r,1 ≥ G r,1 min and tG r,1 ≤ G r,1 max then (19) Delay r � f(r, planP r,0 , planP r,1 , tG r,0 , tG r,1 , x j , A t,k ) //Calculated by Algorithm 2 (20) if Delay r < optV r then (21) optV r � Delay r (22) optG r,0 � tG r,0 (23) optG r,1 � tG r,1 (24) end if (25) end if (26) end for (27) : end for (28) else (29) v j � 99999 (30)…”

“…Such an attack is a position-faking attack of GPS spoofing but is different from a tunnel attack. In a tunnel attack, each vehicle of a Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) [24,25] is equipped with a positioning system (receiver). e attack can be achieved using a transmitter generating localization signals stronger than those generated by the real satellites [26,27].…”